孟鲁司特治疗呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎症状及反复喘息疗效研究

背景　呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）毛细支气管炎易出现反复喘息，且下呼吸道分泌物中半胱氨酸白三烯（CysLTs）水平升高。而孟鲁司特是一种白三烯受体拮抗剂，关于其治疗RSV毛细支气管炎症状的研究相对较少。目的　探讨孟鲁司特改善婴幼儿RSV毛细支气管炎后症状及减轻反复喘息发作的有效性和安全性。方法　2015年6月-2017年6月连续纳入在潍坊市妇幼保健院出院的RSV毛细支气管炎患儿，随机分为治疗组、对照组。Ⅰ期，治疗组：口服孟鲁司特颗粒（4 mg）12周，1次/d；对照组：口服安慰剂12周，1次/d。对两组无症状天数、个人日记评分进行评估。随访9个月（Ⅱ期），观察Ⅰ+Ⅱ期反复喘息人数和医疗资源应用情况等。依据意向性分析（ITT）原则，应用全分析集（FAS）分析数据。结果　共纳入研究对象186例，治疗组92例，对照组94例。治疗组完成Ⅰ期研究的患儿为89例，对照组为90例；治疗组完成Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的患儿为84例，对照组为86例。治疗组平均依从性为97.8%（7 560/7 728），对照组平均依从性为97.4%（7 690/7 896），两组患儿平均依从性比较，差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.16，P=0.07）。在Ⅰ期研究期间，两组无症状天数、日间无症状天数、夜间无症状天数、个人日记评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在整个研究过程中（Ⅰ+Ⅱ期），治疗组RSV毛细支气管炎喘息复发人数少于对照组（P<0.05），治疗组喘息患儿出现2次及以上喘息比例低于对照组（χ2=5.14，P=0.02）。Ⅰ+Ⅱ期研究期间治疗组医疗资源应用人数、β-受体激动剂应用人数、糖皮质激素应用人数、住院人数低于对照组（P<0.05）。在事后亚组分析中，治疗组有湿疹史与父母哮喘史的患儿中无症状天数〔（49.7±20.2）、（51.3±20.9）d〕多于对照组〔（36.3±20.4）、（37.8±19.3）d〕（t=2.19，P=0.03；t=2.24，P=0.03）。整个研究过程中没有患儿因不良反应退出研究，两组间胃肠道紊乱、皮疹、转氨酶升高发生率比较，差异均无统计学意义（χ2=0.23，P=0.63；χ2=0.03，P=0.86；χ2=0.15，P=0.69）。结论　口服孟鲁司特（4 mg）12周不能改善RSV毛细支气管炎患儿呼吸道症状，但能降低患儿反复喘息发作次数。口服孟鲁司特（4 mg）有一定效果且安全。     

Severe adenovirus pneumonia with hemophagocytic syndrome and respiratory failure

We report the case of an 18-month-old infant with severe serotype 3 adenovirus pneumonia, exceptionally associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Treatment included cidofovir and mechanical ventilation for 13 days. The child developed chronic respiratory insufficiency due to bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis obliterans.     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体在儿童闭塞性细支气管炎病情评估中的价值

目的 探讨抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）在儿童闭塞性细支气管炎（BO）病情评估中的临床价值。方法 前瞻性选取2009年6月至2014年10月诊断为BO的患儿59例为研究对象，应用酶联免疫吸附法检测患儿血清中的髓过氧化物酶（MPO）及蛋白酶3（PR3）ANCA的浓度，根据其结果将患儿分为ANCA双阴性组（n=22）、ANCA单阳性组（n=17）及ANCA双阳性组（n=20）。比较入院时各组患儿的BO发生危险因素、临床症状、胸部高分辨CT（HRCT）及肺部病理学评分，以及ANCA表达水平及临床症状、胸部HRCT评分随时间的变化。结果 ANCA双阳性组患儿的BO危险因素评分明显高于ANCA双阴性组（P < 0.05），ANCA单阳性组及双阳性组的临床症状、胸部HRCT及肺部病理学评分均高于ANCA双阴性组（P < 0.05）。患儿出院后随访6个月，MPO-ANCA、PR3-ANCA滴度水平均较入院时和出院时降低（P < 0.05）；其临床症状评分亦低于入院时（P < 0.05），但胸部HRCT评分与入院时比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）；ANCA单阳性组及双阳性组的临床症状评分仍高于ANCA双阴性组（P < 0.05）。结论 ANCA表达水平与BO患儿的病情严重程度具有相关性，对病情评估有一定的临床意义。     

Etiology of acute viral respiratory infections common in Pakistan: A review

Respiratory infections, especially those of the lower respiratory tract, remain a foremost cause of mortality and morbidity of children greater than 5 years in developing countries including Pakistan. Ignoring these acute‐level infections may lead to complications. Particularly in Pakistan, respiratory infections account for 20% to 30% of all deaths of children. Even though these infections are common, insufficiency of accessible data hinders development of a comprehensive summary of the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate in various regions of Pakistan and also to recognize the existing viral strains responsible for viral respiratory infections through published data. Respiratory viruses are detected more frequently among rural dwellers in Pakistan. Lower tract infections are found to be more lethal. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus. RSV is more dominant and can be subtyped as RSV‐A and RSV‐B (BA‐9, BA‐10, and BA‐13). Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09) and Influenza B are common among the Pakistani population. Generally, these strains are detected in a seasonal pattern with a high incidence during spring and winter time. The data presented include pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and influenza. This paper aims to emphasise the need for standard methods to record the incidence and etiology of associated pathogens in order to provide effective treatment against viral infections of the respiratory tract and to reduce death rates.     

呼出气一氧化氮和潮气呼吸肺功能检测在毛细支气管炎中的应用价值

背景　毛细支气管炎（简称毛支）是婴幼儿常见的下呼吸道疾病,如控制不佳相当一部分患儿将发展为支气管哮喘,因此,毛支患儿进行呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）和潮气呼吸肺功能检测对于疾病的诊治疗效以及预后评估均有重要意义,但目前有关毛支患儿的FeNO和潮气呼吸肺功能的研究较少。目的　探讨FeNO和潮气呼吸肺功能检测在毛支中的应用价值。方法　采用便利抽样法选择厦门市儿童医院三病区2018年1-9月收治的38例首次诊断毛支的患儿（观察组）及同期厦门市儿童医院儿保中心体检的17例健康婴幼儿（对照组）为研究对象。分别在观察组急性期（治疗前）、恢复期（规范治疗1~2周后,出院前）及对照组进行FeNO和潮气呼吸肺功能检查,记录FeNO、潮气量（VT）、呼吸频率（RR）、吸呼比（Ti/Te）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPEF/VE）等指标,并比较不同组及同组不同时期的差异。结果　观察组急性期及恢复期FeNO与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组急性期FeNO与恢复期比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组急性期VT、Ti/Te、TPTEF/TE、VPEF/VE低于对照组,RR高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组恢复期PTEF/TE和VPEF/VE高于急性期、低于对照组,RR低于急性期、高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论　潮气呼吸肺功能可反映毛支病情进展情况及临床治疗的效果,具有一定的应用价值;首次诊断毛支患儿治疗前、后以及健康儿童的FeNO无差异,因此FeNO在毛支中的应用价值有限。     

HLA‐G*01:04∼UTR3 Recipient Correlates With Lower Survival and Higher Frequency of Chronic Rejection After Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation (LTx) is a valid therapeutic option for selected patients with end‐stage lung disease. Soluble HLA‐G (sHLA‐G) has been associated with increased graft survival and decreased rejection episodes in solid organ transplantation. HLA‐G haplotypes named UTRs, defined by SNPs from both the 5′URR and 3′UTR, have been reported to reliably predict sHLA‐G level. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the impact of HLA‐G alleles and UTR polymorphism from LTx recipients on anti‐HLA allo‐immunization risk, overall survival and chronic rejection (CLAD). HLA‐G SNPs were genotyped in 124 recipients who underwent LTx from 1996 to 2010 in Marseille, 123 healthy individuals and 26 cystic fibrosis patients not requiring LTx. sHLA‐G levels were measured for 38 LTx patients at D0, M3 and M12 and for 123 healthy donors. HLA‐G*01:06～UTR2 was associated with a worse evolution of cystic fibrosis (p = 0.005) but not of long‐term survival post‐LTx. HLA‐G*01:04～UTR3 haplotype was associated with lower levels of sHLA‐G at D0 and M3 (p = 0.03), impaired long‐term survival (p = 0.001), increased CLAD occurrence (p = 0.03) and the production of de novo donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) at M3 (p = 0.01). This study is the first to show the deleterious association of different HLA‐G alleles and UTRs in LTx.     

Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis: analysis of 20 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVE:

Aspiration can cause a variety of pulmonary syndromes, some of which are not well recognized. The objective of this study was to assess the demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological correlates of diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB), a bronchiolocentric disorder caused by recurrent aspiration.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective study of 20 consecutive patients with DAB seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2014.

RESULTS:

The median age of the patients was 56.5 years (range, 22-76 years), and the male/female ratio was 2.3:1.0. In 18 patients, the diagnosis of DAB was based on the results of a lung biopsy; in the 2 remaining patients, it was based on clinical and radiological features, together with documented aspiration observed in a videofluoroscopic swallow study. In 19 patients (95%), we identified predisposing factors for aspiration, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), drug abuse, and dysphagia. Common presenting features included cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and fever. Twelve patients (60%) had a history of recurrent pneumonia. In all of the patients, chest CT revealed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consisting of micronodules and tree-in-bud opacities. In the majority of patients, interventions aimed at preventing recurrent aspiration (e.g., anti-GERD therapies) led to improvement in the symptoms of DAB.

CONCLUSIONS:

Young to middle-aged subjects with recognizable predisposing factors for aspiration and who report a history of recurrent pneumonia are at increased risk for DAB. Although DAB is not well recognized, certain chest CT features are characteristic of the disorder.