急诊抗菌药物的使用调查与分析

目的考察了解急诊抗菌药物的使用情况。方法随机抽取2008年7—12月的急诊处方2700张，对其中抗菌药物的应用情况进行统计分析。结果急诊抗菌药物使用率49．1％，药物应用形式以单用为主（占66．3％）；给药途径以口服和静脉注射为主。不合理用药处方占抗菌药物处方的10．8％，分别在选药方案、给药方案、溶媒使用、联合应用等方面存在问题。结论我院急诊抗菌药物的应用基本合理，但仍存在一定问题，需进一步加强管理。     

Reimbursement models to tackle market failures for antimicrobials: Approaches taken in France,Germany, Sweden,the United Kingdom,and the United States

IntroductionThe pipeline of new antibacterials remains limited. Reasons include low research investments, limited commercial prospects, and scientific challenges. To complement existing initiatives such as research grants, governments are exploring policy options for providing new market incentives to drug developers.Materials and methodsReimbursement interventions for antibacterials in France, Germany, Sweden, US, and UK were reviewed and analysed by the authors.ResultsIn France, Germany, and the US, implemented interventions centre on providing exceptions in cost-containment mechanisms to allow higher prices for certain antibacterials. In the US, also, certain antibacterials are granted additional years of protection from generic competition (exclusivity) and faster regulatory review. The UK is piloting a model that will negotiate contracts with manufacturers to pay a fixed annual fee for ongoing supply of as many units as needed. Sweden is piloting a model that will offer manufacturers of selected antibacterials contracts that would guarantee a minimum annual revenue. A similar model of guaranteed minimal annual revenues is under consideration in the US (PASTEUR Act).ConclusionsThe UK and Sweden are piloting entirely novel procurement and reimbursement models. Existing interventions in the US, France, and Germany represent important, but relatively minor interventions. More countries should explore the use of novel models and international coordination will be important for ‘pull’ incentives to be effective. If adopted, the PASTEUR legislation in the US would constitute a significant ‘pull’ incentive.     

我院院内真菌感染调查分析

目的预防和减少院内真菌感染。方法查阅我院2002年10月～2004年9月发生院内真菌感染患者的病历并进行分析。结果在107例院内真菌感染者中,60a以上者占72%;好发于呼吸道(81.3%)、消化道(14.0%)、泌尿道(10.3%),主要病原菌为白色念珠菌(92.5%);感染者均有大量应用广谱抗菌药物史,部分患者应用过肾上腺皮质激素类药物。结论合理应用广谱抗菌药物及肾上腺皮质激素类药物是预防院内真菌感染的重要手段。     

开展全程化药学服务,促进抗菌药物合理应用

目的探讨促进抗菌药物合理应用的有效途径。方法分析和评价全程化药学服务在促进抗菌药物合理应用中的作用。结果全程化药学服务是促进抗菌药物合理应用的有效途径。结论医院药学应积极开展全程化药学服务,以促进抗菌药物合理应用,使有限的抗菌药物资源得到最大限度的利用。     

医院感染常见非发酵革兰阴性菌的临床分布和耐药性分析

目的了解非发酵菌在我院5年中的临床分布以及耐药情况。方法采用ATB细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,K-B纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验。结果2000年1月~2004年12月我院共分离出非发酵菌875株,居前3位的非发酵菌分别是铜绿假单胞菌313株,鲍氏不动杆菌287株,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌180株;药敏结果显示:铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低分别为17.6%和7.7%,而对头孢噻吩、头孢曲松和复方新诺明的耐药率最高,耐药率>80%;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南天然耐药,对其他大多数抗菌药物呈高度耐药,而复方新诺明对该菌非常敏感,耐药率为7.8%。结论非发酵菌对临床常用的抗菌药物有较高的耐药性,提醒临床在治疗非发酵菌感染时应根据实验室的药敏结果合理选用敏感的抗菌药物。     

我院开展抗菌药物合理应用的实践与体会

目的:提高抗菌药物合理应用的水平,减少不良反应的发生及医药资源的浪费。方法:采取多项干预措施促进抗菌药物的合理应用。结果与结论:一系列的措施收到了成效。抗菌药物合理应用是个整体、综合的系统,药剂科应合理定位、积极参与、主动协调与沟通。     

抗菌药物应用现状调查及分析

目的了解和分析我院抗菌药物的使用现状和存在问题. 方法采用整群抽样法,对1999年9月～2000年8月,住院患者抗菌药物的应用现状作回顾性调查. 结果共调查1 388份病历,抗菌药物的使用率为87.2%,以联合用药为主,占57.3%,联合用药中以二联为主,占94.5%,用药目的主要是预防性用药,占64.2%,给药方式主要是静脉给药,用头孢类抗生素为主,其次为青霉素类;外科系统手术患者抗菌药物使用率为100%,Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物联用率为53.8%. 结论加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理在基层医院尤为重要.     

利奈唑胺的合成

对利奈唑胺合成工艺进行优化。以吗啉和3,4-二氟硝基苯为原料,经取代、还原反应得到中间体5;（R）-环氧氯丙烷7、邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐6发生取代反应合成中间体9;最后中间体5和9经取代、环化、水解合成目标产物利奈唑胺,总收率36.5%（以3,4-二氟硝基苯计）。     

Release of Teichoic and Lipoteichoic Acids from 30 Different Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Exposure to Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Rifampicin and Trovafloxacin

Summary The release of teichoic acids (TA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) from 30 different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae during exposure to ceftriaxone, meropenem, quinupristin/dalfopristin, rifampicin and trovafloxacin at concentrations of 10 μg/ml and of the respective MIC was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. At 10 μg/ml the most rapid and intense release was detected during treatment with the β-lactam antibiotics ceftriaxone and meropenem, the lowest release was seen with rifampicin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Trovafloxacin delayed the release of TA/LTA. The maximum concentrations of TA/LTA, however, during trovafloxacin treatment were almost as high as those during exposure to ceftriaxone and meropenem. During exposure to the MIC, ceftriaxone, meropenem, rifampicin and trovafloxacin released significantly higher amounts of TA/LTA than during exposure to 10 μg/ml (p < 0.01). Only quinupristin/dalfopristin released small amounts of TA/LTA at the low and high concentration. In conclusion, at high concentrations antibiotics that do not affect the bacterial cell wall released less pro-inflammatory compounds from S. pneumoniae than ceftriaxone and meropenem. This may be of value in the treatment of meningitis and sepsis. Received: May 18, 1999 · Revision accepted: December 8, 1999     

新一代抗菌药物替加环素的研究进展

替加环素是一种新型四环素类静脉注射用抗菌药物,它具有广谱、高效等特点．对多种病原体有效,如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌．耐万古霉素肠球菌．多药耐药肺炎链球菌,广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性菌和鲍曼不动杆菌抗菌等。目前批准的适应证包括复杂性皮肤和复杂腹内感染．同时也可有效治疗社区获得性及医院感染性肺炎。本文对替加环素的药理作用、药动学、临床研究、药物相互作用、不良反应等方面等进行综述。