Application of hiPSCs in tooth regeneration via cellular modulation

BackgroundInduced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based technology provides limitless resources for customized development of organs without any ethical concerns. In theory, iPSCs generated from terminally differentiated cells can be induced to further differentiate into all types of organs that are derived from the embryonic germ layers. Since iPSC reprogramming technology is relatively new, extensive efforts by the researchers have been put together to optimize the protocols to establish in vitro differentiation of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) into various desirable cell types/organs.HighlightsIn the present study, we review the potential application of iPSCs as an efficient alternative to primary cells for modulating signal molecules. Furthermore, an efficient culture system that promotes the differentiation of cell lineages and tissue formation has been reviewed. We also summarize the recent studies wherein tissue engineering of the three germ layers has been explored. Particularly, we focus on the current research strategies for iPSC-based tooth regeneration via molecular modulation.ConclusionIn recent decades, robust knowledge regarding the hiPSC-based regenerative therapy has been accumulated, especially focusing on cellular modulation. This review provides the optimization of the procedures designed to regenerate specific organs.     

SHH和GLI1在早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨SHH及神经胶质瘤相关基因同源蛋白1(GU1)在宫颈癌前病变、早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义.方法 选取早期宫颈癌患者36例、CIN Ⅲ级28例、正常宫颈20例,使用免疫组化S-P法检测上述组织标本中SHH及GLI1的表达.结果 SHH蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织20.0％ (4/20)、宫颈CINⅢ60.7％ (17/28)、早期宫颈癌69.4％ (25/36),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).GLI1蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织25.0％ (5/20)、宫颈CINⅢ53.6％( 15/28)、早期宫颈癌58.3％(21/36),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 SHH、GLI1过度表达可能参与了宫颈癌的发生发展,其检测有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断.     

SHH和GL11在早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨SHH及神经胶质瘤相关基因同源蛋白1（GL11）在宫颈癌前病变、早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义。方法选取早期宫颈癌患者36例、CINHI级28例、正常宫颈20例，使用免疫组化S-P法检测上述组织标本中SHH及GLll的表达。结果SHH蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织20．0％（4／20）、宫颈CINIII60．7％（17／28）、早期宫颈癌69．4％（25／36），两两比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。GL11蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织25．0％（5／20）、宫颈CINⅢ53．6％（15／28）、早期宫颈癌58．3％（21／36），两两比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论SHH、GL11过度表达可能参与了宫颈癌的发生发展，其检测有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断。     

Updates and review of neoplastic paediatric neuropathology

Tumours of the central nervous system are the second most common type of malignancy in the paediatric population, after haematopoietic malignancies. With the 2016 edition of the WHO Classification of the Tumours of the Central Nervous System (CNS), a diagnostic approach to paediatric CNS malignancies has been adopted, which increasingly incorporates molecular parameters, as well as histologic features. This classification system represents a major restructuring of many paediatric central nervous system tumours. This review aims to highlight the areas in the WHO 2016 classification system that have undergone the greatest changes in paediatric tumours of the central nervous system, as well as to review the key histologic and clinical components of these entities. The greatest changes in classification were adopted in embryonal tumours and paediatric diffuse midline gliomas with histone H3 mutations, while low grade astrocytic and glioneuronal tumours also underwent important grading changes.     

Expression and significance of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway–related components in brainstem and supratentorial astrocytomas

Background: This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in the occurrence of brainstem and supratentorial gliomas by examining the expression of SHH-related cascades in normal brain tissue and brainstem and supratentorial astrocytoma. Methods: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of SHH-related components in 5 normal brain tissue, 10 grade II brainstem glioma, and 10 grade II supratentorial glioma specimens. Results: The mRNA expression levels of SHH-related genes were higher in brainstem astrocytomas than in supratentorial astrocytomas and normal brain tissues. The level of PTCH was statistically significantly higher in brainstem astrocytomas than in supratentorial astrocytomas and normal brain tissues (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry semi-quantitative analysis was consistent with the QPCR result that PTCH expression was increased statistically significant in brainstem astrocytomas at the protein level (P <0.05). Conclusion: Enhanced expression of PTCH and activation of the SHH pathway are involved in the occurrence of brainstem glioma. This may be related to the malignant biological behavior difference of brainstem and hemispheric glioma and could be an ideal therapeutic target in cases of brainstem glioma. However, it still cannot be considered a determining factor in the worse prognosis of brainstem glioma than of supratentorial glioma.     

牙源性角化囊肿SMO基因突变检测

目的检测牙源性角化囊肿(odontogenic keratocyst,OKC)是否存在SMO基因突变,进一步完善对OKC发病机制的认识。方法收集2012年9月至2017年6月就诊于北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科的OKC患者,10例为痣样基底细胞癌综合征性OKC(女性4例,男性6例),20例为散发性OKC(女性7例,男性13例)。采集患者的病变组织,分离衬里上皮和纤维间质,采用Sanger测序法分别检测上皮与间质DNA中SMO基因突变情况。结果检测发现3个SMO基因突变位点,即1例综合征性OKC携带c.2081C>G(p.P694R)突变,2例散发性OKC分别携带c.907C>T(p.L303F)突变和c.1247_1248delinsAA(p.G416E)突变,前2例突变为未被报道过的SMO新突变,且2例散发性OKC均不伴PTCH1突变。结论除PTCH1突变外,OKC还存在SMO基因突变,可能与OKC的发病机制有关。