上海市成人脂肪肝患病率及其危险因素流行病学调查

目的 明确上海市成人脂肪肝的患病率及其主要危险因素。 方法 通过随机多级分层整群抽样对杨浦区和浦东新区各4个居委会16岁以上居民进行调查,内容涉及问卷咨询、体格检查、75 g葡萄糖耐量试验、血脂检测、以及肝脏实时超声检查。 结果 3175名成人完成调查,约占上海市人口的2.26／10000。其中男性1218名,女性1957名,平均年龄(52.4±15.1)岁。B超共检出脂肪肝661例,占20.82％,其中酒精性、可疑酒精性、非酒精性脂肪肝分别占3.48％、4.08％及92.43％。经年龄和性别调整后,上海市成人脂肪肝患病率为17.29％,酒精性脂肪肝、可疑酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝患病率分别为0.79％、1.15％、15.35％。无论是男性还是女性,脂肪肝患病率均随年龄增长而增加,50岁之前男性脂肪肝患病率显著高于女性(x2=13.934,P<0.01),而50岁以后女性脂肪肝患病率显著高于男性(x2=4.146,P<0.05)。脂肪肝组年龄、体重指数(BMI)、腰围、血压、空腹及餐后血糖、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、肥胖、糖尿病、高血压病、血脂异常和胆石症患病率等均显著高于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平以及文化程度显著低于对照组。多元回归分析显示:男性、文化程度、腰围、BMI、HDL-C、TG、空腹血糖水平、糖尿病、#0;  

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察短期持续性皮下胰岛素输注 (CSII)治疗对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果和胰岛 β细胞功能的影响。 　方法　对空腹血糖 >11.1mmol/L的 36例初诊 2型糖尿病患者进行为期 2周的CSII强化治疗 ,分析比较其治疗前后空腹及餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1C、静脉葡萄糖耐量 (IVGTT)试验时胰岛素分泌第一时相和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、空腹血浆胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ、HomaIR等。血浆胰岛素、C肽、胰岛素原浓度均用放免法测定。　结果　 2周的CSII治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果。其中 35例患者的空腹、餐后 2h血糖分别于治疗后 ( 2 .7± 1.9)d、( 8.5± 3.5 )d达到良好控制 ,且未见明显低血糖。胰岛 β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善 :静脉注射葡萄糖后 10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素、C肽分泌相 ,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰 ,胰岛素、C肽曲线下面积和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高 ,而胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值则较治疗前明显下降。反映胰岛素抵抗的HomaIR也较治疗前明显降低。　结论　对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者 ,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用。  

Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression enhances lymphatic invasion and metastasis in human gastric carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: Recent epidemiological studies indicate that there is reduced risk of all digestive carcinomas in patients who regularly take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a target enzyme for NSAIDs. We investigated the role of two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, in the development and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. METHODS: Fifteen gastric carcinoma tissue specimens and accompanying adjacent mucosa specimens were obtained from surgical resections. COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression were evaluated using Western blotting analysis, and their relative band densities were semi quantified using standard densitometry scanning techniques. RESULTS: Compared with paired noncancerous specimens, COX-2 was overexpressed in 10 of 15 carcinoma tissue specimens (66.7%). Overall, COX-2 levels in carcinoma tissue were significantly higher. Two early carcinomas (confined to the mucosa and submucosa) and three of 13 advanced carcinomas (extended below the submucosa into the muscular wall) had weak or similar COX-2 expression in paired tissue specimens. COX-2 overexpression in tumors significantly correlated with tumor invasion into the lymphatic vessels in the gastric wall and metastasis to the lymph nodes. Furthermore, the stage grouping in the TNM classification significantly correlated with COX-2 overexpression. In contrast, COX-2 overexpression did not correlate with histopathological grading, surface size, and venous vessel invasion of the tumors. COX-1 levels were similar between paired tissues. CONCLUSION: COX-2 overexpression might enhance lymphatic invasion and metastasis in patients with gastric carcinoma, implicating a poor prognosis. Therefore, the use of COX-2-specific inhibitor to suppress lymphatic metastasis in humans should be investigated.  

药物性肝损害的临床类型及诊断策略

药物性肝损害是指药物在治疗过程中，肝脏由于药物的毒性损害或对药物的过敏反应所致的疾病，也称为药物性肝炎。在美国，药物性肝炎约占住院肝病患者的2％～5％，占成人肝病患者的10％。25％的暴发性肝衰竭是由药物引起的。药物性肝损害占整个药物不良反应的10％～15％。我国药物性肝炎所占的比例约占急性肝炎住院患者的10％。  

支气管内膜结核90例临床分析

目的探索支气管内膜结核（ＥＢＴＢ）的临床特征及早期确诊手段。方法分析９０例经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）确诊的ＥＢＴＢ患者的临床表现、胸部Ｘ线（ＣＴ）、纤支镜检查结果。结果９０例中主要症状包括：咳嗽７５例，发热２７例，咯血２４例，胸痛１８例，气促１１例，消瘦７例。气道阻塞症状少，仅２例出现喘息。７例的Ｘ线表现正常，只有２例的ＣＴ检查结果提示ＥＢＴＢ。纤支镜检查示３８％的病例有炎症浸润型病变，９％有增殖型病变，２６％有狭窄闭塞型病变，１７％有溃疡型病变，１１％大致正常。５６例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中８例阳性，８６例行纤支镜刷片检查者中７３例阳性，５６例行活组织检查者中１７例证实为结核。结论ＥＢＴＢ缺乏特异性临床表现，胸部Ｘ线表现正常不能排除ＥＢＴＢ，ＣＴ诊断价值不高，确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因低热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者，应怀疑ＥＢＴＢ而及时行纤支镜检查。行镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和（或）组织活检阳性率高，且简便快捷，值得推广。  

不明原因慢性咳嗽的病因分布及诊断程序的建立

目的观察慢性咳嗽的病因分布,在此基础上建立慢性咳嗽的病因诊断程序。方法对于入选的慢性咳嗽患者,在询问病史和查体的基础上,进行诱导痰、肺通气功能+气道高反应性、X线胸片、鼻窦X线片或CT、24h食管pH值监测等检查,根据检查结果和治疗反应,最后确定病因诊断。结果共收集慢性咳嗽患者194例,平均年龄(41±12)岁(16～71岁),平均咳嗽时间(62±86)个月(2～487个月)。慢性咳嗽病因比例依次为:嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎51例次(22.4%)、鼻炎/鼻窦炎39例次(17.1%)、咳嗽变异型哮喘31例次(13.6%)、变应性咳嗽28例次(12.3%)、胃食管反流性咳嗽27例次(11.8%)、其他病因43例次(18.8%),病因未明9例次(3.9%)。单一病因咳嗽者153例(82.7%),复合病因32例(17.3%)。结论慢性咳嗽的病因分布与国外相比有着较大的差别,嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎和变应性咳嗽是慢性咳嗽的重要病因。根据上述慢性咳嗽病因分布和临床特征,提出了新的慢性咳嗽病因诊断程序。  

Activating mutation of D835 within the activation loop of FLT3 in human hematologic malignancies

Mutations of receptor tyrosine kinases are implicated in the constitutive activation and development of human malignancy. An internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain-coding sequence of the FLT3 gene (FLT3/ITD) is found in 20% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is strongly associated with leukocytosis and a poor prognosis. On the other hand, mutations of the c-KIT gene, which have been found in mast cell leukemia and AML, are clustered in 2 distinct regions, the JM domain and D816 within the activation loop. This study was designed to analyze the mutation of D835 of FLT3, which corresponds to D816 of c-KIT, in a large series of human hematologic malignancies. Several kinds of missense mutations were found in 30 of the 429 (7.0%) AML cases, 1 of the 29 (3.4%) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cases, and 1 of the 36 (2.8%) acute lymphocytic leukemia patients. The D835Y mutation was most frequently found (22 of the 32 D835 mutations), followed by the D835V (5), and D835H (1), D835E (1), and D835N (1) mutations. Of note is that D835 mutations occurred independently of FLT3/ITD. An analysis in the 201 patients newly diagnosed with AML (excluding M3) revealed that, in contrast to the FLT3/ITD mutation (n = 46), D835 mutations (n = 8) were not significantly related to the leukocytosis, but tended to worsen disease-free survival. All D835-mutant FLT3 were constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated and transformed 32D cells, suggesting these mutations were constitutively active. These results demonstrate that the FLT3 gene is the target most frequently mutated to become constitutively active in AML.  

碘致甲状腺功能减退症的流行病学对比研究

目的：研究不同碘摄入量人群的临床甲减和亚临床甲减患病率，方法：选择盘山，彰武和黄骅3个农村社区（分别为低碘，适碘和高碘地区（），在入户问卷调查的基础上行采样调查，共问卷调查16287人，采样3761人，所有采样对象接受体格检查，,测定血清TSH，甲状腺过氧化的酶抗体（TPOAb)，甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb)和甲状腺球蛋白（TG），测定尿碘浓度及进行甲状腺B超检查，TSH异常者测定FT4，FT3和TSH受体抗体（TRAb)。结果：盘山，彰武和黄骅社区成人尿碘水平分别为103．1ug/L,374.8ug/L和614.6ug/L，盘山，彰武和黄骅社区临床甲减患病率分别为0．27％，0．95％和2．05％, 临临床甲减的患病率分别为0．91％，2．90％，和5．96％，引起临床甲减的主要原因是自身免疫性甲状腺炎，亚临床甲减中三分之一患者甲状腺自身抗体阳性，结论：横断面的流行病学对比研究证实碘摄入量增加有可能导致甲状腺功能减退症患病率增加。  

血清肌钙蛋白I诊断急性心肌梗塞的研究

用抗人心肌肌钙蛋白Ｉ（ｃＴｎＩ）单抗，建立酶联法检测血清ｃＴｎＩ，测健康人、室上性心动过速及陈旧性心梗患者的血清ｃＴｎＩ浓度为０～７μｇ／Ｌ（参照值）。重复检测差异小于８．７％，回收率１００．１％。６１例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）病人血清ｃＴｎＩ均大于７μｇ／Ｌ。未溶栓患者胸痛后４～６小时血清ｃＴｎＩ上升，其峰值时间、上升曲线与ＣＫ－ＭＢ相似，峰值是参照值上限的２４倍。ｃＴｎＩ在血清中持续升高至少５天。溶栓治疗后血管再通病人血清ｃＴｎＩ峰值提前６小时，幅度增高。在溶栓治疗后８～１２小时，ｃＴｎＩ显著高于溶栓未通或未溶栓（未自溶）病人（Ｐ＜０．０５）。作者认为，用抗人ｃＴｎＩ单抗检测血清ｃＴｎＩ是诊断ＡＭＩ敏感与特异的指标之一。溶栓后连续检测ｃＴｎＩ还可能成为判断冠状动脉再通的指标之一。