迷走神经电刺激对脑外伤后昏迷大鼠前额叶皮质和下丘脑Orexin-A及其受体OX1R表达变化的影响

目的:探讨迷走神经电刺激(VNS)对脑外伤(TBI)昏迷大鼠的促醒作用及可能相关机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为3组:空白对照组、假刺激组和刺激组。应用VNS治疗脑外伤后昏迷大鼠,观察其行为学变化,并用ELISA、Western-blot、免疫组织化学技术检测各组大鼠前额叶皮质(PFC)和下丘脑组织的Orexin-A及OX1R表达。结果:刺激组30只大鼠中20只出现翻正反射,假刺激组30只中8只出现翻正反射;将3组的Orexin-A及OX1R含量进行两两比较,发现刺激组Orexin-A及受体OX1R水平高于假刺激组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:VNS可提高脑外伤昏迷大鼠意识状态,其可能机制为上调PFC及下丘脑部位Orexin-A及OX1R水平,因此VNS有望成为脑外伤后昏迷促醒有效方法。     

精油对全麻大鼠促醒效应的实验研究

目的研究精油对全麻的促醒效果。方法该研究选用了PM、迷迭香、薰衣草精油及三种全麻药戊巴比妥钠、丙泊酚和氯胺酮,通过吸嗅器械分别观察了:吸嗅PM、迷迭香(RM)、薰衣草(LA)精油对戊巴比妥钠全麻大鼠睡眠时间的影响;不同吸嗅浓度的薰衣草精油是否改变戊巴比妥钠(PTB)全麻大鼠的睡眠时间以及吸嗅PM精油分别对丙泊酚(PRO)和氯胺酮(KET)全麻大鼠睡眠时间的影响。结果 PM精油可明显降低戊巴比妥钠和丙泊酚诱导的睡眠时间,而对氯胺酮则无明显效果;薰衣草精油在给定吸嗅浓度下也存在促醒效果。结论吸嗅PM精油和特定浓度的薰衣草精油对全麻大鼠具有促醒效应。     

正中神经电刺激对脑外伤后昏迷大鼠前额叶皮质及下丘脑Orexin-A及其受体OX1R表达变化的影响

目的:探讨正中神经电刺激(MNES)对脑外伤(TBI)昏迷大鼠的促醒作用及其可能机制。方法:将SD大鼠分为3组:空白对照组、假刺激组和刺激组。应用MNES治疗脑外伤后昏迷大鼠,观察其行为学变化,并用免疫组织化学、Western-blot、ELISA技术检测各组大鼠前额叶皮质(PFC)和下丘脑组织的Orexin-A及OX1R含量。结果:刺激组30只大鼠中21只出现翻正反射,假刺激组30只中7只出现翻正反射;将3组的Orexin-A及OX1R含量进行两两比较,发现刺激组Orexin-A及受体水平高于其他两组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:MNES可作为脑外伤后昏迷的有效促醒手段,其机制可能与PFC及下丘脑部位Orexin-A及OX1R水平上调有关。     

迷走神经电刺激对脑外伤昏迷大鼠前额叶皮质组胺H_1受体表达的影响

目的:探讨迷走神经电刺激(vagus nerve electrical stimulation,VNS)对脑外伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)昏迷大鼠的促醒作用及其对TBI昏迷大鼠前额叶皮层组胺H_1受体表达的影响。方法:将72只SD大鼠分为4组:空白对照组、假刺激组(TBI)、刺激组(TBI+VNS)和Orexin-1受体(OX_1R)拮抗剂组(TBI+SB334867+VNS)。应用VNS治疗脑外伤后昏迷大鼠,观察其行为学变化,并用免疫组织化学检测各组大鼠前额叶皮质组胺H_1受体(H_1R)表达的变化。结果:刺激组18只大鼠中12只出现翻正反射;假刺激组4只出现翻正反射;拮抗剂组9只出现翻正反射。免疫组化结果显示刺激组大鼠PFC区的H_1R的表达水平显著高于假刺激组和拮抗剂组(P0.05)。结论:VNS可改善脑外伤后昏迷大鼠的意识状态,有望成为TBI昏迷促醒的一种新的电刺激方法,其促醒机制可能与PFC区H_1R水平的上调有关,Orexin-A可能通过OX_1R在其中起调节作用。     

MNES对脑损伤后昏迷大鼠PFC去甲肾上腺素α1受体表达的影响

目的 探讨正中神经电刺激(MNES)对脑损伤(TBI)后昏迷大鼠的促醒作用及其对前额叶皮质(PFC)去甲肾上腺素α1受体(α1R)表达的影响.方法 将健康成年SD大鼠72只分为对照组、假刺激组、刺激组和拮抗剂组.对照组不做任何处理,其余3组均制作TBI昏迷大鼠模型,假刺激组不做治疗,拮抗剂组大鼠侧脑室注射食欲素受体1(OX1R)拮抗剂SB334867,刺激组和拮抗剂组均给予MNES治疗.观察各组大鼠行为学变化,并应用免疫组织化学技术检测各组大鼠PFC区α1R表达水平.结果 刺激组和拮抗剂组苏醒大鼠分别为13只和8只,而假刺激组仅有4只苏醒.α1R水平从低到高依次为对照组、假刺激组、拮抗剂组、刺激组,并呈依次递增趋势,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MNES可改善TBI后昏迷大鼠的意识状态水平,其机制可能与上调PFC区α1R表达水平有关,且食欲素A参与调节此过程.     

Sleep- and Wake-Promoting Drugs: Where Are They Being Sourced,and What Is Their Impact?

Background: Recent decades have seen both an increased number of shift workers in order to deliver services 24/7, and increased potential for social interactions at all hours of the day. People have sought to engage in strategies, which either promote vigilance or facilitate sleep, with the use of sleep- and wake-promoting drugs representing one strategy. Methods: We investigated use of sleep- and wake-promoting drugs in participants (n?=?377) who completed a survey investigating the type and source of sleep- and wake-promoting drugs, and their impact on sleep and performance outcomes. Results: The most commonly reported wake-promoting drugs were amphetamine and dextroamphetamin salts, modafinil, and illicit substances including methamphetamine and cocaine, while the most commonly reported sleep-promoting drugs were benzodiazepines and antihistamines. Use of a sleep-promoting drug in the past month was associated with higher odds of having poorer sleep quality (OR = 3.15) and moderate-high insomnia (OR = 3.30), while use of a wake-promoting drug was associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 3.76), or making a fatigue-related error (OR = 2.65). Conclusions: These findings represent novel data on the use and source of sleep- and wake-promoting- drugs, and suggest that despite their use, poor sleep and performance outcomes persist, likely representing individuals struggling to keep up with the 24/7 world.     

Effects of modafinil on vestibular function during 24 hour sleep deprivation

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of modafinil, a new wake-promoting agent, on vestibular function during 24 h sleep deprivation (SD) so as to provide experimental evidence for the rational use of this drug among air crew. Eight young, healthy male volunteers were exposed to two 24 h periods of continuous wakefulness during the crossover experiment. Initially, 200 mg dose of modafinil was given, and one week later, a matching placebo was administered. The SD time started from 08:00 of the first day to 08:00 of the second day. Drugs were given at 0:00 on the second day. Vestibular function was tested at 21:00 on the first day and 1, 3, 5, 7 h after drug administration. The accuracy of saccade tracking and gains in visual-vestibular optokinetic reflex (VVOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in the placebo group decreased during 24 h SD, especially at 01:00-05:00 on the second day, while OKN gains in the modafinil group increased significantly. There were no significant differences in the other vestibular functional indices between the modafinil group and placebo group. The 24 h SD can influence vestibular function to a certain degree, but modafinil may improve OKN. Translated from Space Medicine & Medical Engineering, 2006, 19(1): 16–18 [译自: 航天医学与医学工程]     

经颅直流电刺激对脑外伤昏迷大鼠意识及脑源性生长因子表达的影响

目的:探讨经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)对脑外伤昏迷大鼠的促醒作用及其可能机制。方法:成年SD大鼠54只,随机分为3组,每组18只,分别是空白组、脑外伤(TBI)昏迷组及tDCS组。TBI和tDCS组制作脑外伤昏迷模型,前者进行假tDCS治疗,后者用tDCS治疗。各组处理后在6h、12h、24h点评定大鼠意识水平,对比治疗前后意识水平变化,处死大鼠,获取前额叶和海马,应用Western Blot法测定大鼠组织中脑源性生长因子(BDNF)的表达。结果:空白组18只、TBI组6只、tDCS组11只出现翻正反射,TBI组大鼠前额叶与海马BDNF表达较空白组升高,在12h点,tDCS组大鼠前额叶BDNF表达较TBI组升高,差异有显著性意义(P0.05),在6h点,tDCS组大鼠海马BDNF表达较TBI组升高,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:tDCS可促TBI昏迷大鼠觉醒,其机制可能与上调前额叶及海马BDNF表达有关。     

服用莫达非尼对24 h睡眠剥夺条件下人前庭功能的影响

目的 观察24h睡眠剥夺（SD）条件下服用莫达非尼对正常人前庭功能的影响。方法 以8名健康男性青年志愿者为对象，在间隔1周的两次24h SD（从第1天8：00至第2天8：00）实验中交叉服用莫达非尼和安慰剂200mg（于第2天0：00服用），于第1天21：00及服药后1h、3h、5h、7h进行前庭功能测定。结果 SD使伪随机扫视跟踪精确度明显下降、视前庭眼动反射（visual-vestibular optokinetic reflex，WOR）和视动眼震（optokinetic nystagmus，OKN）增益明显降低，特别是第2天1：00～5：00；与安慰剂组相比，莫达非尼组的OKN增益明显增加。安慰剂组和莫达非尼组的其它前庭功能指标无明显差异。结论 24hSD会影响正常人体的前庭功能，服用莫达非尼对其中的视动性眼震具有一定的改善作用。     

益神启窍方对实验昏迷大鼠昏迷状态的影响

目的:观察益神启窍方对弥漫性轴突损伤合并局灶性脑挫伤大鼠昏迷状态的影响及可能机制。方法:采用"弥漫性轴突损伤合并局灶性脑挫伤动物模型"造模,取雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为4组,正常组7只、假手术组7只、对照组12只、中药组12只,造模前1周中药组每天灌胃益神启窍方中药配方颗粒,模型组只灌胃等剂量的生理盐水,电镜观察脑组织损伤程度,和观察从麻醉到角膜反射、从麻醉到四肢爬行时间、呼吸恢复时间及神经功能障碍评分(mnss)。结果:假手术组与正常组"麻-爬"时间无显著差异(P<0.05);中药组"麻-角"时间与假手术组有显著差异(P<0.05),与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05);中药组"麻-爬"时间与假手术组有显著差异(P<0.05),与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),中药组与对照组呼吸恢复时间有显著性差异(P<0.05),中药组与对照组损伤清醒后神经功能障碍评分有显著性差异(P<0.05),电镜对照组见血管外周、轴突水肿,神经纤维水肿、溶解,轴突内线粒体、胶质细胞水肿,中药组多数神经元、血管、神经纤维正常,仅见部分轴突内线粒体水肿,树突有灶性水肿,胶质细胞、血管外周水肿。结论:中药益神启窍方能缩短实验大鼠的昏迷时间、自主呼吸恢复时间,改善神经功能障碍评分和减轻脑组织损伤程度,有显著的促醒作用和脑保护作用,这可能与其具有兴奋中枢神经、改善血供、降低氧耗有关。