Systematic Review of Health Economic Evaluations Focused on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: The Tortoise and the Cheetah

ObjectivesThis study aimed to systematically review recent health economic evaluations (HEEs) of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare. The aim was to discuss pertinent methods, reporting quality and challenges for future implementation of AI in healthcare, and additionally advise future HEEs.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted in 2 databases (PubMed and Scopus) for articles published in the last 5 years. Two reviewers performed independent screening, full-text inclusion, data extraction, and appraisal. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards and Philips checklist were used for the quality assessment of included studies.ResultsA total of 884 unique studies were identified; 20 were included for full-text review, covering a wide range of medical specialties and care pathway phases. The most commonly evaluated type of AI was automated medical image analysis models (n = 9, 45%). The prevailing health economic analysis was cost minimization (n = 8, 40%) with the costs saved per case as preferred outcome measure. A total of 9 studies (45%) reported model-based HEEs, 4 of which applied a time horizon >1 year. The evidence supporting the chosen analytical methods, assessment of uncertainty, and model structures was underreported. The reporting quality of the articles was moderate as on average studies reported on 66% of Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards items.ConclusionsHEEs of AI in healthcare are limited and often focus on costs rather than health impact. Surprisingly, model-based long-term evaluations are just as uncommon as model-based short-term evaluations. Consequently, insight into the actual benefits offered by AI is lagging behind current technological developments.     

保乳术后放疗中钛夹动度与乳腺大小及钛夹位置的相关性

【摘要】目的:分析保乳术后放疗患者钛夹动度，并探讨其与乳腺大小、钛夹位置的相关性。方法:随机选取保乳术后放疗患者15例，每周两次锥形束CT。测量乳腺基底面直径（D）和乳高轴（H），以瘤床质心为原点将临床靶区分4个象限。记录各象限内钛夹在左右、腹背、头脚方向动度（MLR、MAP、MSI）以及其与临床靶区最内、最前、最上的距离（DSLR、DSAP、DSSI）。结果:MLR、MAP、MSI分别为（2.2±3.0）、（-1.1±3.6）、（0.8±4.7） mm；系统误差Σ在左、右、腹、背、头、脚分别为1.7、2.2、2.0、2.4、2.9、3.0 mm，随机误差σ分别为2.4、4.0、3.2、4.0、4.7、4.7 mm；靶区对应外放5.9、8.3、7.2、8.8、10.5、10.9 mm。一象限内，当D×H<99.89 cm2，MAP和D×H强相关（r=0.805），MLR、MAP均和DSLR、DSAP、DSSI强正相关（r=0.94, 0.94, 0.91；0.87, 0.91, 0.92），MSI和DSLR、DSAP强正相关（r=0.91, 0.94）；四象限内，当D×H<90.71 cm2，MAP和DSLR，MSI和DSAP均强负相关（r=-0.96；-0.95），MLR和DSLR强正相关（r=0.91）。结论:钛夹动度有各向异性，以SI方向外扩最大，并易受乳腺大小、钛夹位置影响。     

Bench to bedside: recent advances in lung cancer pathological research with implications for diagnostic clinical practice

After decades of relative stagnation lung cancer is emerging as a disease type where rapid progress is being made in diagnosis and therapy, as well as in our understanding of disease biology. Much of this progress is of immediate impact to diagnosticians, and more is likely to affect diagnostic practice in the near future. In this review we seek to briefly summarize several key areas of active research of immediate or probable imminent value to trainee and consultant pulmonary pathologists alike. We cover some major changes in tumour classification, grading, and patient stratification, as well as considering the state of the art in machine-assisted interpretation of lung cancer histology, and the use of genetically modified lung cancer models.     

近端胃切除人工三角瓣成形抗反流术的力学机理仿真分析

目的:对食管胃结合部腺癌近端胃切除术（PG）人工三角瓣成形后残胃食糜进行流体动力学数值模拟，并计算不同性质胃内食糜的流动特征。方法:构建常规PG和人工三角瓣成形术术后胃仿真模型，运用Fluent软件对不同粘度胃内食糜反流问题进行数值模拟。结果:站立位姿态时，相对常规PG方案，人工三角瓣成形手术方案表现出较好的抗反流作用；卧位姿态时，当胃内食糜粘度大于0.145 2 Pa[?s，且胃内食糜不超过人工三角瓣情况下，人工三角瓣成形抗反流手术表现出较好的抗反流效果；人工三角瓣抗反流成形手术方案数值模拟结果与临床上患者表现一致。结论:本研究仿真分析为人工三角瓣成形抗反流手术方案的有效性机理分析、临床患者术后饮食及手术方案的进一步改进提供理论及数值依据。 【关键词】食管胃结合部腺癌；抗反流；人工三角瓣；计算流体力学     

不同剂量羟考酮对无痛人流术后宫缩痛和情绪量值的影响

目的观察三种不同剂量羟考酮对患者人工流产术后宫缩痛和情绪量值的影响。方法选择行无痛人工流产术患者400例,年龄17～38岁,BMI 18.5～23.9kg/m2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为四组:羟考酮0.06mg/kg组(O1组)、羟考酮0.08mg/kg组(O2组)、羟考酮0.1mg/kg组(O3组)、芬太尼组(F组),每组100例。O1、O2、O3组分别静脉注射羟考酮0.06、0.08、0.1mg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼1μg/kg。四组丙泊酚诱导剂量2.5mg/kg,患者术中出现体动反应时追加丙泊酚0.4mg/kg。记录患者丙泊酚用量、手术时间、苏醒时间;记录患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、睫毛反射消失时(T1)、术中宫腔操作时(T2)、术毕苏醒时(T3)的HR、MAP和RR;采用数字评分法(NRS)评价患者苏醒后即刻、10、30、60min的宫缩痛程度;记录患者术后满意度评分;采用正性负性情绪量表(PANAS)分别于术前和术后1h评定患者情绪;记录患者补救镇痛;记录恶心、呕吐、头晕、呼吸抑制、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、出汗等不良反应情况。结果 O2组、O3组和F组丙泊酚用量明显少于O1组(P0.05),苏醒时间明显短于O1组(P0.05)。O1组、O2组和O3组不同时点宫缩痛NRS评分明显低于F组(P0.05),术后满意度评分明显高于F组(P0.05)。四组术后1h正性情绪量值明显高于术前(P0.05),负性情绪量值明显低于术前(P0.05),O1组、O2组和O3组术后1h正性情绪量值明显高于F组(P0.05),补救镇痛例数明显少于F组(P0.05)。四组术后头晕、恶心、呕吐等不良反应差异无统计学意义,四组均未发生呼吸抑制、皮肤瘙痒、苏醒期躁动、尿潴留、出汗等不良反应。结论 0.08mg/kg羟考酮配伍丙泊酚用于无痛人工流产术,麻醉效果确切,镇痛完善,患者满意度高,并且能提高正性情绪量值。     

Interaction phenomena between a cuff of an artificial urinary sphincter and a urethral phantom

Male urinary incontinence is highly prevalent, leading to a miserable quality of life. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the device that closely simulates the function of the biological urinary sphincter. The precise evaluation of occlusion mechanisms and of interaction phenomena occurring between AUS cuff and urethral duct is fundamental for more reliable design. The action induced in the interaction with urethral duct under a specific pressure depends on its constitutive material and structural characteristics. The methods of experimental and computational bioengineering are exploited to investigate mechanical functionality of the coupled system, as AUS and urethral duct. Experimental tests are developed to investigate the response when the AUS is inflated around a urethral phantom. Numerical model of the cuff is developed mimicking the experimental tests for the validation. Subsequently, numerical models are exploited to interpret the interaction of the cuff with urethral phantoms considering the influence of urethral size and of tissues mechanical behavior, mimicking healthy and degraded configurations. The investigation provides useful information on the behavior of AUS cuff with urethral duct evaluating the action induced and represents a support for planning an extension of experimental tests on animal and human urethral samples.