短时程脊髓电刺激治疗爆发痛合并触诱发痛的急性期带状疱疹的临床研究

目的探讨短时程脊髓电刺激(temporary spinal cord stimulation, tSCS)治疗爆发痛合并触诱发痛的急性期带状疱疹的临床疗效。方法回顾性地分析同济大学附属第十人民医院疼痛科2020年1月—2020年12月收治的52例接受tSCS治疗的爆发痛合并触诱发痛的急性期带状疱疹患者的临床资料，评估在治疗前、治疗后3d、7d、14d、3个月、6个月的总体疼痛情况(numerical rating scale, NRS)评分、(simple McGill scores, McGill)评分、爆发痛情况(发生率、NRS评分、次数以及持续时间)、触诱发痛情况(发生率、分级)、术后不良反应等；评估在治疗前、治疗后7d、3个月、6个月的睡眠时长、睡眠中醒来次数、疼痛障碍指数(pain disorder index, PDI)、功能状态评分(Karnofsky score, KPS)、抑郁症筛查量表(patient health questionnaire depression module scale, PHQ-9)和焦虑症筛查量表(generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale, GAD-7)等。结果与治疗前相比，治疗后3d、7d、14d、3个月、6个月的总体疼痛NRS评分、总体疼痛MCGILL评分、静息痛NRS评分明显降低(均P<0.001)；与治疗前相比，治疗后3d、7d、14d、3个月、6个月的的爆发痛NRS评分明显降低(均P<0.05)，治疗后14d、3个月、6个月时的爆发痛次数以及持续时间都明显降低(均P<0.05)；与治疗前比较，患者治疗后7d、14d、3个月、6个月时的触诱发痛的分级都明显降低，差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)；与治疗前相比，治疗后14d、3个月、6个月的PDI评分明显降低(P<0.05)；与治疗前相比，治疗后14d、3个月、6个月的PHQ-9评分和GAD-7评分都明显减少(P<0.05)，与术前的药物使用情况相比，治疗后各镇痛药使用人数普遍呈下降趋势；术中及整个随访期间未观察到严重不良事件。结论短时程脊髓电刺激对爆发痛合并触诱发痛的急性期带状疱疹具有较好的临床疗效。     

显微血管减压术治疗舌咽神经痛的临床疗效分析

目的探讨显微血管减压术(MVD)治疗舌咽神经痛(GPN)的安全性及远期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析39例行显微血管减压术治疗的舌咽神经痛患者的临床资料。所有患者均采用乙状窦后-幕下入路进行显微血管减压手术,术后定期随访。结果所有患者术后早期疗效显著,随访时间为1~9年,平均为4.9年。随访过程中1例患者术后2年出现舌咽神经痛症状复发,1例患者术后1.5年舌咽神经痛症状部分复发。术后出现声音嘶哑及吞咽困难患者4例、脑脊液漏患者1例,均在随访过程中恢复。结论显微血管减压术是治疗舌咽神经痛安全有效且远期效果良好的方法,术前影像学检查对于责任血管的判断有重要意义。     

Long-term effectiveness of zoster vaccine live for postherpetic neuralgia prevention

BackgroundPostherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occurs in 5–30% of individuals with herpes zoster (HZ) and is characterized by long-lasting pain. Zoster vaccine live (ZVL) is licensed for people 50 years and older to prevent HZ and PHN. This study evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of ZVL against PHN.MethodsWe conducted an open cohort study within Kaiser Permanente Northern California with continuous accrual of people as they became age-eligible for ZVL. We defined PHN using a PHN diagnosis between 90 and 365 days after an incident episode of HZ. We estimated VE against PHN using Cox regression with a calendar timeline stratified by year of birth and adjusted for sex, race, influenza vaccination, outpatient visit frequency, comorbidities, and immune compromise status.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2016, 1·5 million people entered the study population and 33% received ZVL. During 7·6 million person-years of follow-up, there were 62,205 HZ cases, 4150 (6·7%) of which went on to develop PHN. Overall VE for PHN was 64·8% (95% CI 61·3, 68). VE was 82·8% (95% CI 77·6, 86·7) during the first year after vaccination, 58·3% (95% CI 50.1, 65.2) during the third year, and then waned more gradually to 48·7% (95% CI 30·2, 62·3) during the eighth year. VE in persons vaccinated when aged 80 years or older was similar to VE in younger vaccinees. VE in persons vaccinated when immune compromised was similar to VE in immune competent.ConclusionsOverall, ZVL was 65% effective against PHN. It was effective in all age groups and provided moderate protection through 8 years.     

脉冲射频治疗对带状疱疹后神经痛模型大鼠脊髓背角自噬的影响

目的观察脉冲射频(PRF)治疗对带状疱疹后神经痛(PHN)模型大鼠疼痛的影响,探讨脊髓背角自噬改变的可能作用。方法雄性SD大鼠60只,体重200～240 g,随机分为五组:空白对照组(Blank组)、溶剂组(Solvent组)、PHN模型组(PHN组)、假治疗组(Sham组)和治疗组(PRF组),每组12只。PHN组、Sham组及PRF组腹腔注射树脂毒素(RTX)0.2 g/kg制备PHN模型。Blank组腹腔注射与PHN组相同体积的生理盐水。Solvent组腹腔注射相同体积的溶剂(10%吐温80、10%乙醇和80%生理盐水)。于制模前2 h、制模后1、4、7、10、14 d、PRF治疗后1、4、7、10、14、21、28、35和42 d测定大鼠机械缩足阈值(MWT)和热缩足潜伏期(TWL)。治疗后第42天处死大鼠,取L_(4-6)脊髓组织,采用Western blot法检测脊髓组织微管相关蛋白轻链Lc3Ⅱ和Lc3Ⅰ、Beclin-1和P62蛋白含量,计算Lc3Ⅱ和Lc3Ⅰ比值。RT-qPCR检测Lc3 mRNA和Beclin-l mRNA的表达量。结果与Blank组比较,PHN组、Sham组及PRF组RTX处理后大鼠MWT明显降低,TWL明显延长,脊髓组织Lc3Ⅱ/Lc3Ⅰ蛋白含量比值和Beclin-1蛋白含量明显升高,P62蛋白含量明显降低,Lc3 mRNA和Beclin-1 mRNA表达量明显增加(P均0.05)。与PHN组比较,PRF组大鼠在治疗7 d后MWT明显升高,TWL明显缩短,Lc3Ⅱ/Lc3Ⅰ蛋白含量比值明显降低,Beclin-1蛋白含量明显降低,P62蛋白含量明显增加,Lc3 mRNA和Beclin-1 mRNA表达量明显降低(P均0.05)。结论脉冲射频可能通过抑制脊髓背角组织自噬活性,改善线粒体功能,从而对PHN模型大鼠产生镇痛作用。     

补阳还五汤对大鼠化疗相关外周神经痛的预防作用及其机制

目的观察补阳还五汤对紫杉醇诱导的大鼠外周神经痛的预防作用,并以脊髓大麻素受体为主要靶点,探讨其作用机制。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、预防组、AM630组、AM251组,每组10只。除对照组外,其余各组于实验第1,3,5,7天分别腹腔注射紫杉醇2 mg/kg;预防组在建模的同时每天予补阳还五汤2.5 g/(kg·d)灌胃干预14 d;AM630组在预防组的基础上于每天灌胃前予3 mg/kg大麻素Ⅱ型受体(CBR2)阻滞剂AM630腹腔注射;AM251组在预防组的基础上于每天灌胃前予1.5 mg/kg大麻素Ⅰ型受体(CBR1)阻滞剂AM251腹腔注射。每7 d记录1次各组大鼠体质量,并使用von fery纤维丝测试各组大鼠机械缩足阈值(MWT),共观察28 d;实验观察28 d后使用RT-PCR检测各组大鼠脊髓组织中CBR1、CBR2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的mRNA表达水平。结果实验第7,14,21,28天,各组大鼠体质量增量比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。模型组实验第7,14,21,28天的MWT均显著低于同期对照组(P均<0.05);预防组、AM251组实验第14,21,28天的MWT均显著高于同期模型组(P均<0.05),但AM630组与模型组比较、预防组与AM251组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。模型组CBR2、CBR1、GFAP mRNA表达水平与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA表达水平明显高于对照组(P均<0.05);预防组和AM251组CBR2 mRNA表达水平明显高于模型组(P均<0.05),IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA表达水平均明显低于模型组(P均<0.05);AM630组与模型组比较、预防组与AM251组比较各相关蛋白mRNA表达水平差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论补阳还五汤可以预防紫杉醇诱导的外周神经痛,机制可能与其激活脊髓CBR2,并进一步抑制脊髓IL-1β、TNF-α等炎症细胞因子的表达有关。     

The burden of herpes zoster disease in Norway

BackgroundNo national vaccination program against herpes zoster (HZ) is currently in place in Norway. We aimed to quantify the burden of medically attended HZ to assess the need for a vaccination program.MethodsWe linked data from several health registries to identify medically attended HZ cases during 2008–2014 and HZ-associated deaths during1996–2012 in the entire population of Norway. We calculated HZ incidences for primary and hospital care by age, sex, type of health encounter, vaccination status, and co-morbidities among hospital patients. We also estimated HZ-associated mortality and case-fatality.ResultsThe study included 82,064 HZ patients, of whom none were reported as vaccinated against HZ. The crude annual incidence of HZ was 227.1 cases per 100,000 in primary healthcare and 24.8 cases per 100,000 in hospitals. Incidence rates were higher in adults aged ≥50 years (461 per 100,000 in primary care and 57 per 100,000 in hospitals), and women than in men both in primary healthcare (267 vs 188 per 100,000), and hospitals (28 vs 22 per 100,000). Among hospital patients, 47% had complicated zoster and 25% had comorbidities, according to the Charlson comorbidity index. The duration of hospital stay (median 4 days) increased with the severity of comorbidities. The estimated mortality rate was 0.18 per 100,000; and in-hospital case-fatality rate was 1.04%.ConclusionsMedically attended HZ poses a substantial burden in the Norwegian healthcare sector. The majority of the zoster cases occurred among adults aged ≥50 years – the group eligible for zoster vaccination – and increased use of zoster vaccination may be warranted, especially among persons with co-morbidities.     

丛针浅刺结合电针治疗三叉神经痛疗效观察

目的通过观察丛针浅刺结合电针治疗三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia,TN)的临床疗效,明确其与卡马西平相比是否具有优势。方法将符合纳入标准的44例受试者随机分为治疗组24例和对照组20例。治疗组采用丛针浅刺结合2/100 Hz电针治疗;对照组口服卡马西平片治疗。采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)和简要面部疼痛概况量表(BPI-Facial),观察两组受试者治疗前、治疗2周、治疗4周和治疗结束后2个月(随访期)的疼痛变化。结果与治疗前比较,对照组治疗2周和随访期VAS评分、BPI-Facial评分明显减少(P<0.05),治疗组治疗2周、治疗4周和随访期VAS评分、BPI-Facial评分均明显减少(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗2周、治疗4周和随访期VAS评分及BPI-Facial评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论丛针浅刺结合电针治疗TN在疼痛缓解程度、疼痛对面部特定活动及日常生活影响的短时效应、长时效应和后效应上,均优于卡马西平。     

不同类型原发性三叉神经痛的手术疗效分析

目的 探讨不同类型的责任血管及压迫特点对原发性三叉神经痛手术疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析2002~2012年微血管减压术治疗的212例原发性三叉神经痛的临床资料。根据术中发现责任血管类型分为动脉压迫（155例）、静脉压迫（24例）和混合压迫（33例），根据术中发现责任血管压迫特点分为接触压迫型（123例）和粘连包裹型（89例）。结果 手术总有效率为95.8%，动脉压迫、静脉压迫和混合压迫有效率分别为98.1%、95.8%和84.8%，接触压迫型和粘连包裹型有效率分别为98.4%和92.1%。结论 微血管减压术是治疗原发性三叉神经痛的有效方法，动静脉混合压迫以及术中粘连包裹可能是影响手术疗效的因素。     

Acetato de eslicarbazepina en dolor neuropático,cefaleas y neuralgias craneales: Evidencia y experiencia

IntroductionEslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), together with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, belongs to the dibenzazepine family. According to the latest clinical practice guidelines, tricyclic antidepressants, dual antidepressants (venlafaxine, duloxetine), and some antiepileptics (gabapentin, pregabalin) are first-line drugs for neuropathic pain; tramadol, lidocaine 5% patches, and capsaicin 8% patches are considered second-line drugs; and strong opioids constitute a third line of treatment. Such other antiepileptics as lamotrigine and lacosamide are not authorised as treatments for neuropathic pain by the regulatory agencies, but are nonetheless prescribed off-label in routine clinical practice. Carbamazepine, on the other hand, is indicated for trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.DevelopmentWe conducted a literature search to gather evidence on the use of ESL for neuropathic pain, headache, and cranial neuralgia.ConclusionsEvidence is insufficient to recommend ESL for neuropathic pain, headache, and cranial neuralgia. Most of the available evidence comes from open and observational studies with small sample sizes and no control group; however, their favourable results call for further studies on the usefulness of ESL for neuropathic pain, headache, and cranial neuralgia.     

芎芷石膏汤治疗原发性三叉神经痛

原发性三叉神经痛是三叉神经分布区内短暂的发作性剧痛,多发于中老年人,40岁以上患者占70%~80%,发作时表现为面颊上下颌及舌部明显的剧烈电击样、针刺样、刀割样疼痛,持续时间短,突发突止,间歇期完全正常。中医将其归属于"面痛"范畴,多从风热立论,笔者跟随导师临证过程中,发现《医宗金鉴》的芎芷石膏汤治疗风热上犯型原发性三叉神经痛效果显著。