The patellar ligament: A comprehensive review

The patellar ligament (PL) is an epiphyseal ligament and is part of the extensor complex of the knee. The ligament has gained attention due to its clinical relevance to autograft and tendinopathy. A variety of anatomical variations of the PL such as aplasia, numerical variations, and vascularity are being reported recently by clinicians and anatomists. The aim of this literature was to review the available literature to provide a consensus regarding anatomic variations of the PL, neurovasculature surrounding the PL, histology of the PL, and various aspects of PL measurements with relevance to the surgical considerations and sex and age-related differences. A narrative review of the patellar ligament was performed by conducting a detailed literature search and review of relevant articles. A total of 90 articles on the patellar ligament were included and were categorized into studies based on anatomical variations, neurovasculature, morphometrics, microanatomy, sex and age-related difference, and ACL reconstruction. The anatomical variations and morphometrics of the PL were found to correlate with the frequency of strain injuries, tendinopathy, and efficacy of the PL autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The sex differences in PL measurements and the effect of estrogen on collagen synthesis explained a higher incidence of patellar tendinopathy in women. An awareness of its variations enables careful selection of surgical incisions, thereby avoiding complications related to nerve injury. Accurate knowledge of the PL microanatomy assists in understanding the mechanism of ligament degeneration, rupture, autograft harvesting, and ligamentization results.     

Changes in knee extensor strengths before and after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction

Objective: Quadriceps dysfunction has been suggested as a complication after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in knee extensor strength before and after MPFL reconstruction.

Methods: Twenty patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction for unilateral recurrent patellar dislocation (18 females and 2 males; mean age 20.8 ± 7.6 years) were examined. The peak isometric torque at 60° and 90° of knee flexion and isokinetic knee extensor strength at speeds of 60°/s and 90°/s in operated and non-operated legs were measured using a dynamometer preoperatively and 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) body weight-adjusted muscle strength, (2) improvement index (post-/preoperative value × 100) (%), and (3) extensor strength ratio (operated/non-operated value × 100) (%).

Results: The mean knee extensor strength in both operated and non-operated legs significantly increased 2 years after surgery compared with that before surgery. At 2 years postoperatively, the improvement indexes of the isometric knee extensor strength at 60° and 90° and of the isokinetic knee extensor strength at 60°/s and 90°/s were 237%, 192%, 318%, and 186%, respectively, in the operated legs and 144%, 124%, 140%, and 140%, respectively, in the non-operated legs. At 2 years postoperatively, the mean isometric knee extensor strength ratios at 60° and 90° and the isokinetic knee extensor strength ratios at 60°/s and 180°/s were 81%, 84%, 81%, and 82%, respectively.

Conclusions: Knee extensor strength was improved in most patients after MPFL reconstruction, at least compared with that before surgery, although an approximately 20% deficit against the non-operated legs remained even 2 years after surgery.     

Consensus guidelines for management of patellofemoral instability

BackgroundThe aim of this consensus process was to provide robust national guidelines to assist with decision making with regards to surgical management of patellofemoral instability.MethodsA national group of surgeons, physiotherapists, basic scientists and a radiologist with expert experience in patellofemoral instability was convened. A formal consensus process was undertaken using validated methodology. They reviewed the existing literature, performed a group consensus meeting to develop recommendations and followed this with a wider consultation meeting with an open invitation for final ratification. The guidelines were reviewed and authorised by the BASK executive committee, followed by the British Orthopaedic Association prior to final publication.ResultsThe review of the literature confirmed a significant absence of an evidence base to guide clinicians in the surgical management of patellofemoral instability. The consensus process outlined guidance relating to diagnosis and clinical assessment, appropriate imaging modalities, recommendations for surgical options and appropriate post operative physiotherapy. Following wide invitation to contribute to the final document, 102 people responded. Twenty six of those provided additional comments which were blinded, discussed and included or excluded following further discussion amongst the working group.ConclusionPatellofemoral instability is a complex pathology with multiple surgical options available to those who decide surgery is indicated. In the absence of a strong evidence base, these guidelines aim to assist with that decision making process and will pave the way for more robust clinical trials in the future.     

Abnormal femur rotation in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation: A study on upright standing three-dimensionally reconstructed EOS images

BackgroundThe measurements of lower extremity rotational deformities in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation (RPD) in the standing position are available with the application of the EOS imaging system. The aim of our case–control study was to identify the differences on the femur rotation between the supine and standing positions, and to investigate the differences of anatomical and functional femur rotation between RPD patients and controls.MethodsThirty-five lower extremities affected by RPD from 30 patients and 27 intact lower extremities from 27 controls with acute meniscus tear or anterior cruciate ligament injury were recruited. Anatomical femoral anteversion (AFA), functional femoral anteversion (FFA), femorotibial rotation (FTR) and distal femoral torsion (DFT) of all subjects were measured with the EOS imaging system. Computed tomography scans were carried out to analyze the AFA and FFA in the supine position in PRD patients. The differences in FFA between supine and standing position and in AFA, FTR and DFT between RPD and controls were analyzed. The predictor importance of each variable on RPD was observed after cluster analysis.ResultsThe EOS images were available in all subjects. The FFA was significantly smaller in the standing position than in the supine position (P < 0.05) in RPD patients. When comparing with the controls, RPD patients showed higher AFA, FTR and DFT (P < 0.05) but comparable FFA (P < 0.05). The cluster model prompted that FTR and DFT had higher predictor importance than AFA.ConclusionLarger AFA but comparable FFA in patients with RPD than the controls in an upright standing position suggested more internally rotated distal femur in the RPD patients. AFA may be inadequate and FFA should also be considered while planning the treatment for RPD. DFT and FTR should be taken into consideration when evaluating the abnormalities in femur rotation in RPD patients.     

Posterior ankle impingement disguised as peroneal tendon subluxation in young athletes – a case report

Posterior ankle impingement is a cause of posterior ankle pain common in those who perform frequent plantarflexion activities. Three young patients presented with posterior ankle pain which was initially attributed to peroneal tendon subluxation. However, detailed physical exam and imaging confirmed the diagnosis of posterior ankle impingement as the actual cause of pain. The peroneal tendon subluxation was not causal but an unrelated co-incidental finding. After failed prolonged conservative management (rest, immobilization and physical therapy), the patients underwent posterior ankle arthroscopic debridement for the impingement resulting in return to prior sporting activity without limitation and no recurrence of pain at 19 months follow-up. Posterior ankle impingement diagnosis could be masked by co-incidental asymptomatic peroneal tendon subluxation in pediatric patients.     

全国著名骨伤专家梁铁民教授学术思想和正骨经验

总结了全国著名骨伤专家梁铁民教授的学术思想和正骨经验,简述了梁老生平。梁老学术思想表现在突出整体观念,主张辨证施术;注重调理气血,强调药物接续;重视望问切触量法五诊结合等三个方面。对于梁老正骨经验先进行了综合论述,进一步佐证其学术思想;后分别从小儿桡骨头半脱位、颈椎错位、胸腰椎小关节错位、肋骨骨折等梁老研究较深入和比较擅长的几个方面进行了阐述。特别是颈椎错位这种高难度高风险的手法操作,体现出梁老高超的手法技艺。     

髌股关节骨性关节炎严重程度不影响保留髌骨全膝关节置换患者的预后

文题释义： 髌骨适合角：自股骨内外髁最高点分别向股骨髁间沟的最低点画2条直线，这2条线的夹角即为沟角，其角平分线和其顶点与髌骨下级之间的连线形成的夹角为适合角。 髌韧带比值：屈膝30°侧位像上使用Insall-Salvati指数评价髌骨的高度，测量髌腱长度即自髌骨下级至胫骨结节定点上缘，再测量髌骨最长对角线的长度，两者之间比为髌韧带比值。 背景：目前关于全膝关节置换过程中髌骨是否置换尚没有统一标准，对于髌骨置换和不置换的对照研究很多，但是在全膝关节置换不置换髌骨的研究中根据髌股关节炎严重程度分级来比较预后的研究很少。 目的：根据髌股关节炎的严重程度进行分级，比较髌股关节炎的轻重对保留髌骨的全膝关节置换疗效的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年1月郑州大学第一附属医院使用强生假体行髌骨保留的全膝关节置换患者192例的临床资料，随访时间大于2年。根据髌股关节炎影像学严重程度Lwano分类系统将患者分为2组，轻度组(0-Ⅰ期)83例，重度组(Ⅱ-Ⅳ期)109例。所有患者对治疗及试验方案均知情同意，且得到医院伦理委员会批准。使用美国膝关节协会评分、功能评分、Feller评分、膝前疼痛评分评估临床预后，使用髌骨倾斜角、适合角、髌骨外移距离、髌韧带比值评估影像学预后。运用t检验，分析患者术前、术后的临床和影像学结果。 结果与结论：①术后1例患者出现持续性膝前疼痛，1例患者伤口渗液，清创后二期愈合，其余均一期愈合；②术前轻度组和重度组患者的功能评分和美国膝关节协会评分差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)，但术后2组功能评分和美国膝关节协会评分差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；③影像学上，2组术前髌骨倾斜角、适合角、髌骨外移距离差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)，但术后2组髌骨倾斜角、适合角、髌骨外移距离差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；④提示在对保留髌骨的全膝关节置换患者进行至少2年的随访后发现，髌股关节炎的严重程度对患者的临床和影像学预后没有影响；即使在重度髌股关节炎患者中，保留髌骨的全膝关节置换后也能获得良好的预后。 ORCID: 0000-0002-2784-1542(徐长波) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

晶状体脱位手术治疗的临床分析

目的:探讨不同手术方式治疗不同程度脱位晶状体的临床效果及安全性。方法:回顾性系列病例研究。收集2018-11/2019-05浙江中医药大学附属第一医院晶状体不全脱位合并白内障的患者11例11眼(男9例,女2例),年龄46~76(60.73±10.63)岁。其中外伤性白内障10眼,原因不详者1眼。根据脱位程度采用不同的手术方式辅助人工晶状体植入,4眼晶状体脱离范围大于270°行人工晶状体悬吊术。4眼脱离范围180°~270°行张力环植入,虹膜拉钩巩膜固定。3眼脱离范围小于180°行5-0聚丙烯线植入囊袋辅助人工晶状体植入,虹膜拉钩巩膜固定。术中视玻璃体脱出情况行前段玻璃体切除。收集患者术前术后视力、眼压。结果:所有眼球均Ⅰ期植入人工晶状体。术后视力显著提高,术前最佳矫正视力从0.77±0.26提升到0.35±0.28。术后患者眼压从24.33±13.55mmHg下降到13.85±3.80mmHg。所有患者无术中并发症发生。结论:晶状体不全脱位合并白内障的手术治疗过程中,个性化的手术方案及灵活的治疗措施,可以使得白内障手术安全、有效地进行。     

关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期疗效。方法对23例复发性髌骨脱位患者在关节镜辅助下行外侧支持带松解、内侧髌股韧带重建及改良Fulkerson截骨术。术后随访,评估影像学检查结果、Tegner下肢运动能力主观评分、Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分和Kujala髌股关节评分。结果 23例均获随访,时间12~36(24.3±7.82)个月。患者无髌骨再脱位或半脱位,Q角在正常范围。患膝CT显示,髌骨/股骨滑车适配角从术前13.30°±5.15°改善至末次随访时5.72°±3.32°(P0.01),髌股关节外侧张开角从术前0.70°±2.85°改善至末次随访时8.13°±2.75°(P0.01)。Lysholm评分从术前47.92分±16.23分提高至末次随访时93.27分±7.91分(P0.01);Tegner评分从术前5.32分±1.10分提高至末次随访时6.37分±0.83分(P0.01);Kujala髌股关节评分从术前55.3分±11.23分提高至末次随访时83.2分±13.91分(P0.01)。结论关节镜辅助下三联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位能有效防止复发和恢复髌股关节功能,疗效满意。     

髌骨钻孔减压改善全膝关节置换术后膝前疼痛

目的探讨通过髌骨钻孔减压术改善全膝关节置换术(TKA)后膝前痛的临床疗效。方法将符合标准的113例行TKA的骨关节炎患者按数字法随机分为两组:54例为减压组,TKA术中联合髌骨钻孔减压术;59例为非减压组,仅施行TKA不联合髌骨钻孔减压术。术后观察两组患者切口愈合情况、相关并发症、KSS评分及膝前痛发生率。结果两组患者切口均一期愈合,无严重并发症发生,113例均获满12个月的完整随访。KSS评分:减压组术后明显高于非减压组;术后膝前痛的发生率明显低于非减压组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TKA术中联合髌骨减压术可以在一定程度上改善膝关节KSS评分及降低术后膝前疼痛的发生率。