Effect of regular swimming exercise to duration-intensity on neurocognitive function in cerebral infarction rat model

Objective: This study investigated the effect of regular swimming exercise according to the duration-intensity on neurocognitive function in a cerebral infarction rat model.

Methods: Forty male Sprague–Dawley 10-week-old rats, weighing 300 ± 50 g, were subjected to photothrombotic cerebral infarction. The remaining 36 rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 9 per group: non-exercise (group A); swimming exercise of short duration-intensity (5 min/day, group B); swimming exercise of moderate duration-intensity (10 min/day, group C); and swimming exercise of long duration-intensity (20 min/day, group D). Exercise was performed five times a week for 4 weeks, beginning the day after cerebral infarction. Neurocognitive function was evaluated with the Morris water maze test. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis examined brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 4 weeks postinfarction.

Results: At 4 weeks postinfarction, escape latency was found to be shorter in group C than in any of groups A, B, or D. Immunohistochemistry revealed the most significant immunoreactivity for BDNF and VEGF in group C. Western blot analysis demonstrated that BDNF and VEGF proteins were markedly expressed in group C.

Conclusions: Regular swimming exercise of moderate duration-intensity may be the most effective exercise protocol for the recovery of neurocognitive function in cerebral infarction rat model.     

Human prostate cancer bone metastases have an actionable immunosuppressive microenvironment

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The Impact of Emotional Exhaustion on Psychological Factors in Workers with Secondary Traumatic Experiences: A Multi-Group Path Analysis

Objective The objective of the present study was to explore causal pathways to understand how second traumatic experiences could affect the development of emotional exhaustion and psychiatric problems. Methods A total of 582 workers who had jobs vulnerable to secondary traumatic experiences were enrolled for this study. Emotional exhaustion, secondary trauma, resilience, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and sleep problems were evaluated. A model with pathways from secondary traumatic experience score to depression and anxiety was proposed. The participants were divided into three groups according to the resilience: the low, middle and high resilience group. Results Resilience was a meaningful moderator between secondary traumatic experiences and psychiatric problems. In the path model, the secondary trauma and perceived stress directly and indirectly predicted perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, depression, anxiety, and sleep problems in all three groups. Direct effects of perceived stress on depression and anxiety were the largest in the low resilience group. However, direct effects of secondary trauma on perceived stress and emotional exhaustion were the largest in the high resilience group. Conclusion Understanding the needs of focusing for distinct psychological factors offers a valuable direction for the development of intervention programs to prevent emotional exhaustion among workers with secondary traumatic experiences.     

Memory T‐cell exhaustion and tolerance in transplantation

One of the biggest barriers to achieving allograft tolerance is the presence of immunological memory within the recipient, which confers a faster, more robust immune response that is in most cases more resistant to pharmacologic immunosuppression. This review will identify the mechanisms by which alloreactive T cells arise within hosts prior to transplantation, and explore the properties of immunological memory that contribute to allograft rejection. In doing so we will also illuminate how targeting pathways that induce memory T cell exhaustion can promote allograft tolerance. Recent studies demonstrating the impact of the allograft microenvironment on memory cell survival and activation, as well as new therapeutic strategies that are being explored to mitigate memory driven allograft rejection, will also be reviewed.     

多因素复合建立多发性脑梗死气虚血瘀证大鼠模型的探讨

目的:通过多因素复合建立多发性脑梗死气虚血瘀证大鼠模型,研究多发性脑梗死气虚血瘀证大鼠模型的建立方法。方法:将大鼠随机分为假手术组、多发性脑梗死模型组(脑梗组)和3个病证结合模型组——力竭游泳复合多发性脑梗死组(游泳+脑梗组),睡眠剥夺复合多发性脑梗死组(睡夺+脑梗组),力竭游泳加睡眠剥夺复合多发性脑梗死组(游泳+睡夺+脑梗组)。3个病证结合模型组大鼠先分别采用相应因素(力竭游泳和睡眠剥夺)造模10 d,然后行多发性脑梗死手术,术后继续采用相应因素造模10 d;脑梗组大鼠只进行多发性脑梗死手术;术后第11天观察各组大鼠一般状态,采集中医证候指标(体重、抓力、脉搏、舌象等)和西医生化指标(血液流变学、凝血4项等)。结果:与假手术组比较,睡夺+脑梗组大鼠活动量减少、体重减轻、抓力下降,脉搏幅度减弱,舌面R,G,B值降低,全血黏度增加凝血酶原时间(PT)或活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)缩短(P0.05,P0.01),且较其他组指标变化明显。结论:通过中医证候指标和西医生化指标综合分析,睡眠剥夺复合多发性脑梗死的方法优于其他3个造模方法,更适合建立多发性脑梗死气虚血瘀证大鼠模型。