p‐Synephrine,ephedrine, p‐octopamine and m‐synephrine: Comparative mechanistic,physiological and pharmacological properties

Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine relative to ephedrine and m‐synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine as related to ephedrine and m‐synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p‐Synephrine and p‐octopamine exhibit little binding to α‐1, α‐2, β‐1 and β‐2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m‐synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m‐synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p‐synephrine and p‐octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed.     

改良桃胶的不同配伍对复杂成分均衡释放的影响

目的 阐明改良桃胶的不同配伍(用量、填充剂)对复杂成分均衡释放的影响.方法 以喘平方为模型药,改良桃胶为缓释辅料,采用体外释放度结合HPLC法,测定喘平缓释片的指标成分(麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、东莨菪碱)释放度,计算累积释放曲线斜率(K)值,评价指标成分间是否均衡释放.结果 不同配伍考察中,当填充剂为淀粉、淀粉/糊精、淀粉/微晶纤维素(MCC)时,各指标成分K值接近,实现了均衡释放;而与糊精、MCC配伍时,K值差异较大,无法均衡释放.随着改良桃胶辅料用量的增加,释药时间延长,指标成分的K值基本一致,达到均衡释放.结论 不同填充剂与改良桃胶配伍,会影响中药复方缓释制剂复杂成分的均衡释放;不同处方用量的改良桃胶,会影响药物的释放时间,但不影响其均衡释放.     

基于平喘生物效价的麻黄品质评价研究

目的研究37个不同产地麻黄平喘作用及其生物效价的差异。方法取豚鼠离体气管平滑肌建立平喘药效模型,按累积计量法于麦氏浴槽中加入不同质量浓度梯度(剂间距1:0.5)的麻黄水煎液,计算不同产地麻黄解痉率;按照《中国药典》2010年版二部附录XIV生物检定统计法项下"量反应平行线法"(2,2)法计算生物效价值;采用HPLC法测定麻黄药材中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的量;对不同产地麻黄生物效价值进行聚类分析。结果麻黄对磷酸组胺(His)引起的豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩有解痉作用,与麻黄对照药材相比,有20个产地的麻黄达显著水平(P0.05),麻黄解痉作用与给药质量浓度呈剂量依赖性,草麻黄与中麻黄种间解痉率无显著差异(P0.05);37个产地的麻黄药材与对照药材相比平喘效价值存在显著差异(P0.05、0.01),平喘效价值为22.35~489.04 U/g,可信限率(FL)13.15%~38.97%,效价相差近21.88倍,麻黄平喘生物效价与麻黄碱及伪麻黄碱总量之间相关不显著;采用聚类分析法能够将不同平喘生物效价值的麻黄区分开来,37份麻黄药材中有24份生物效价值高于对照药材,占麻黄样品总数的64.86%。结论平喘生物效价值可以定量评价不同产地麻黄的质量。     

HPLC法测定藏药五味甘露药浴颗粒中槲皮素、山柰素和盐酸麻黄碱

目的采用RP-HPLC法测定藏药五味甘露药浴颗粒(麻黄、刺柏、大籽蒿、水柏枝、烈香杜鹃)中槲皮素、山柰素和盐酸麻黄碱的量。方法槲皮素、山柰素的测定,采用Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(20∶80);检测波长360 nm;体积流量1.0 m L/min;柱温30℃。盐酸麻黄碱的测定,流动相为乙腈-0.092%磷酸溶液(含0.04%三乙胺和0.02%二正丁胺)(1.5∶98.5);检测波长为210 nm;体积流量1.0 m L/min。结果槲皮素、山柰素分别在0.019 8~0.990 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.014 4~0.721 2μg(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为97.5%、99.3%,RSD分别为1.4%、1.6%(n=6)。盐酸麻黄碱在0.016 592~0.248 9μg(r=0.999 9)范围内线性良好。平均回收率为101.4%,RSD为1.4%(n=6)。结论本方法操作简单、结果准确,重复性好,可用于该药的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定扑麻滴鼻液中2成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定扑麻滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的HPLC方法。方法:采用:PurospherSTAR RP18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液(p H 3.0±0.1)-乙腈(82∶18)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,在210nm波长处同时检测盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏,柱温35℃,进样量20μl。结果:盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在19.81~118.85μg·ml-1和6.21~37.25μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 6和0.999 8。平均回收率分别为100.39%(RSD=0.69%,n=9)和100.11%(RSD=0.60%,n=9)。结论:该方法快速简便、重复性、准确性好,可用于该制剂中盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定。     

Ephedra alkaloid contents of Chinese herbal formulae sold in Taiwan

Consumption of Ephedra alkaloids is prohibited in‐competition by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). In Taiwan, colds are often treated with Chinese herbal formulae containing Herba Ephedrae. We screened products sold in Taiwan and preliminarily assessed their relationships with WADA threshold violations. Fifty‐six concentrated powder products, including 19 Chinese herbal formulae that contained Herba Ephedrae, were collected. The content of Ephedra alkaloids, namely ephedrine (E), methylephedrine (ME), norpseudoephedrine (NPE; cathine), pseudoephedrine (PE), and norephedrine (NE; phenylpropanolamine), was determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography method. The results revealed that the phenotypic indicators of the collected products, E/PE and E/total ratios, were 1.52–4.70 and 0.49–0.72, respectively, indicating that the Herba Ephedrae species in these products was probably E. sinica or E. equisetina, but not E. intermedia. The contents of E, ME, NPE, PE, and NE and the total alkaloid contents in the daily doses of the products were 0.45–34.97, 0.05–4.87, 0.04–3.61, 0.15–12.09, and 0.01–2.00 mg and 0.68–53.64 mg, respectively. The alkaloid contents followed a relatively consistent order (E > PE > ME ≈ NPE > NE), even for products from different manufacturers. We calculated that single doses of 50.0% and 3.6% of the products would result in the WADA thresholds of E and NPE being exceeded, respectively. Our data provide critical information for athletes and medical personnel, who should be wary of using complex Chinese herbal formulae in addition to over‐the‐counter products.     

HPLC法测定复方愈酚麻黄糖浆中四种成分的含量

目的建立测定复方愈酚麻黄糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱、愈创甘油醚、马来酸氯苯那敏、双氯芬酸含量的HPLC方法。方法采用Insteril ODS-3C18色谱柱,梯度洗脱,流速：1．0mL·min^-1,柱温：30℃,检测波长：257nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱、愈创甘油醚、马来酸氯苯那敏、双氯芬酸分别在0．4018～6．4287μg（r=0．9999）、3．1836～50．9379μg（r=0．9999）、0．1610～2．5762μg（r=1．0000）、0．1485～2．3759μg（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99．589／6（RSD=0．39％）、99．58％（RSD=0．30％）、99．36％（RSD=0．29％）、99．40％（RSD=0．46％）（n=9）。结论本方法经方法学验证可用于复方愈酚麻黄糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱、愈创甘油醚、马来酸氯苯那敏、双氯芬酸的含量检测。     

HPLC法测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法,消除焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.014mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(78∶22);检测波长硫酸链霉素195nm,盐酸麻黄碱207nm;流速1.0mL·min-1。结果硫酸链霉素质量浓度在44.40³10.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224310.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224⁸0.896μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7),平均回收率为99.5%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法专属性强、测定结果准确、精密度高、线性好,加入甲醛能够消除辅料中焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。     

复方茶碱麻黄碱片鉴别方法的改进及HPLC含量测定方法的建立

目的：改进复方茶碱麻黄碱片现行质量标准中的鉴别方法,建立主成分的HPLC含量测定方法。方法：采用Waters XTerra-C18（4.6±150mm,5μm）色谱柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液（取0.05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液1000mL,加入三乙胺4mL,用磷酸调节pH值至6.5）-乙腈（90：10）为流动相,鉴别复方茶碱麻黄碱片的5种主成分、测定4种主成分的含量。结果：颠茄浸膏的HPLC鉴别方法,专属性良好,硫酸阿托品的检出限为6.24ng;可可碱、茶碱、盐酸麻黄碱、咖啡因的HPLC鉴别方法,专属性良好,检测限以盐酸麻黄碱计为0.218ng;可可碱、茶碱、盐酸麻黄碱、咖啡因含量的HPLC含量测定方法,专属性、准确度、精密度、重复性、耐用性均良好。结论：改进后的复方茶碱麻黄碱片鉴别方法准确、简便,新建的4种主成分的含量测定方法,简便、快速、准确,可有效的控制产品质量,降低产品质量风险。     

高效液相色谱法测定麻黄止嗽胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱含量

目的：建立测定麻黄止嗽胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为C18柱（250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸（3：97）梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长210 nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱进样量在0.02~3.12μg范围内、盐酸伪麻黄碱在0.01~1.52μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好（ r=0.9999）;3种质量浓度盐酸麻黄碱的加样回收率分别为99.26%,99.44%,105.10%,盐酸伪麻黄碱的加样回收率分别为100.48%,102.75%,100.50%。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于控制该制剂的质量。