EEG functional connectivity contributes to outcome prediction of postanoxic coma

ObjectiveTo investigate the additional value of EEG functional connectivity features, in addition to non-coupling EEG features, for outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest.MethodsProspective, multicenter cohort study. Coherence, phase locking value, and mutual information were calculated in 19-channel EEGs at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after cardiac arrest. Three sets of machine learning classification models were trained and validated with functional connectivity, EEG non-coupling features, and a combination of these. Neurological outcome was assessed at six months and categorized as “good” (Cerebral Performance Category [CPC] 1–2) or “poor” (CPC 3–5).ResultsWe included 594 patients (46% good outcome). A sensitivity of 51% (95% CI: 34–56%) at 100% specificity in predicting poor outcome was achieved by the best functional connectivity-based classifier at 12 h after cardiac arrest, while the best non-coupling-based model reached a sensitivity of 32% (0–54%) at 100% specificity using data at 12 h and 48 h. Combination of both sets of features achieved a sensitivity of 73% (50–77%) at 100% specificity.ConclusionFunctional connectivity measures improve EEG based prediction models for poor outcome of postanoxic coma.SignificanceFunctional connectivity features derived from early EEG hold potential to improve outcome prediction of coma after cardiac arrest.     

Dynamic functional connectivity of the EEG in relation to outcome of postanoxic coma

ObjectiveEarly EEG contains reliable information for outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. We introduce dynamic functional connectivity measures and estimate additional predictive values.MethodsWe performed a prospective multicenter cohort study on continuous EEG for outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. We calculated Link Rates (LR) and Link Durations (LD) in the α, δ, and θ band, based on similarity of instantaneous frequencies in five-minute EEG epochs, hourly, during 3 days after cardiac arrest. We studied associations of LR and LD with good (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) 1–2) or poor outcome (CPC 3–5) with univariate analyses. With random forest classification, we established EEG-based predictive models. We used receiver operating characteristics to estimate additional values of dynamic connectivity measures for outcome prediction.ResultsOf 683 patients, 369 (54%) had poor outcome. Patients with poor outcome had significantly lower LR and longer LD, with largest differences 12 h after cardiac arrest (LR_θ 1.87 vs. 1.95 Hz and LD_α 91 vs. 82 ms). Adding these measures to a model with classical EEG features increased sensitivity for reliable prediction of poor outcome from 34% to 38% at 12 h after cardiac arrest.ConclusionPoor outcome is associated with lower dynamics of connectivity after cardiac arrest.SignificanceDynamic functional connectivity analysis may improve EEG based outcome prediction.     

乙酰谷酰胺对酒精中毒昏迷患者的急救效果和血清β-EP、氧化应激指标的影响

目的探讨乙酰谷酰胺对酒精中毒昏迷患者的急救效果和血清β内啡肽(β-EP)、氧化应激指标的影响。方法选择2017年1月-2019年3月成都市第三人民医院蒲江医院接诊的115例酒精中毒昏迷患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组60例和对照组55例。两组入院后均给予常规治疗,对照组在此基础上给予盐酸纳洛酮注射液治疗,观察组在对照组基础上,联合乙酰谷酰胺注射液治疗。比较两组临床疗效、临床症状恢复时间、肝功能、血清β-EP、氧化应激指标和清醒后不适症状。结果观察组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组体温正常时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组苏醒时间、生命体征稳定时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组肝功能指标谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组血清β-EP、丙二醛(MDA)明显低于对照组,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)明显比对照组高(P<0.05);观察组头晕头痛、恶心呕吐、乏力、胸闷发生率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规治疗基础上,联合乙酰谷酰胺对酒精中毒昏迷患者急救疗效显著,且可有效改善肝功能及血清β-EP、氧化应激指标的表达,减少清醒后不适症状的发生率,值得应用推广。     

S100蛋白水平联合Rotterdam-CT评分、GCS评分在TBI病情和预后不良评估中的价值

目的 探讨S100蛋白(S100 protein,S100)水平联合Rotterdam计算机X线断层扫描(Computed tomography,CT)评分、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)在创伤性颅脑损伤(Traumatic brain injury,TBI)病情和预后不良评估中的价值。方法 回顾性分析106例TBI患者的临床资料,比较不同病情TBI患者血清S100水平、Rotterdam-CT评分,分析血清S100水平与Rotterdam-CT评分、GCS评分的相关性; 根据患者预后情况分为预后良好组和预后不良组,比较2组性别、年龄、血清S100水平、Rotterdam-CT评分、GCS评分等临床资料,多因素logistic回归分析TBI患者预后不良的相关因素; 分析S100蛋白水平、GCS评分、Rotterdam-CT评分及三者联合应用对TBI患者预后不良的预测价值。结果 轻度组、中度组、重度组血清S100水平、Rotterdam-CT评分逐渐增高(P<0.01),TBI患者血清S100水平与GCS评分(r=0.396,P=0.001)、Rotterdam-CT评分(r=0.289,P=0.002)均呈正相关; 2组血氧饱和度、GCS评分、呼吸频率、Rotterdam-CT评分、S100蛋白水平、入院时昏迷占比等指标有明显差异(P<0.05或P<0.01); 多因素logistic回归分析显示呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、入院时昏迷占比、GCS评分、Rotterdam-CT评分、S100蛋白水平均为TBI患者预后不良的相关危险因素; 受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)显示S100蛋白水平、GCS评分、Rotterdam-CT评分对TBI患者预后不良均有一定的预测价值,三项指标联合应用曲线下面积(Area of the under curve,AUC)值大于各单项指标预测。结论 S100蛋白水平、GCS评分、Rotterdam-CT评分是TBI患者预后不良的相关危险因素,S100蛋白水平联合GCS评分、Rotterdam-CT评分在TBI患者预后不良评估中具有较高的临床价值。     

Brainstem death: A comprehensive review in Indian perspective

With the advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques, the cardiopulmonary definition of death lost its significance in favor of brain death. Brain death is a permanent cessation of all functions of the brain in which though individual organs may function but lack of integrating function of the brain, lack of respiratory drive, consciousness, and cognition confirms to the definition that death is an irreversible cessation of functioning of the organism as a whole. In spite of medical and legal acceptance globally, the concept of brain death and brain-stem death is still unclear to many. Brain death is not promptly declared due to lack of awareness and doubts about the legal procedure of certification. Many brain dead patients are kept on life supporting systems needlessly. In this comprehensive review, an attempt has been made to highlight the history and concept of brain death and brain-stem death; the anatomical and physiological basis of brain-stem death, and criteria to diagnose brain-stem death in India.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者外周血白细胞计数与病情严重程度的相关性分析

目的比较动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者白细胞总数(WBC)及分类计数在判断aSAH患者病情严重程度中的临床价值。方法 180例aSAH患者依病情严重程度按Hunt-Hess级分为高级别、低级别,按格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)分为轻中型、重型。分析入院时WBC及分类与该两个临床分级的相关性。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评价WBC及分类计数鉴别病情严重的能力。结果分别与Hunt-Hess低级别和GCS轻中型相比,Hunt-Hess高级别和GCS重型的WBC、中性粒细胞绝对值、中性粒细胞百分比显著升高,淋巴细胞百分比则均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。WBC、中性粒细胞绝对值与Hunt-Hess分级较强正相关(r=0.516,P=0.000;r=0.527,P=0.000),与GCS较强负相关(r=-0.508,P=0.000;r=-0.514,P=0.000),而中性粒细胞百分比、淋巴细胞百分比与该两个临床分级弱相关。ROC曲线分析显示判断病情严重程度的最佳指标为WBC和中性粒细胞绝对值;该二者判断Hunt-Hess高级别的截点值分别为12.21×10~9/L、10.14×10~9/L;判断GCS重型的截点值分别为15.10×10~9/L、13.55×10~9/L。结论 aSAH患者入院时WBC、中性粒细胞绝对值判断病情严重程度价值相当且最佳。临床量表联合WBC和中性粒细胞绝对值有助于更可靠地准确评估aSAH病情严重程度。     

Does Modafinil improve the level of consciousness for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness? a retrospective pilot study

Background and aim: Modafinil is best known as a sleep regulator among healthy individuals, but studies suggest that it reduces excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with brain injury. This retrospective pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of Modafinil for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness and whether those with a traumatic brain injury did better than those with a non-traumatic brain injury.

Method: Twenty four prolonged disorder of consciousness patients who were prescribed Modafinil, were assessed at least four times both before and during treatment. The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised was used to determine if patients had a disorder of consciousness and the Wessex Head Injury Matrix was used to monitor behavior during baseline and treatment periods. Patients with a traumatic brain injury (N?=?12) were compared with those with non-traumatic brain injury (N?=?12). A chi-square test with significance at 0.05 was used and when frequencies were below 5 a Fisher’s Exact Test was used.

Results: Cognitive improvements were noted in domains of wakefulness, awareness, concentration, tracking and following commands. Significant differences were found for the whole group between baseline and Modafinil (x^2?=^?9.80; p?=?0.002). Eleven of the 12 traumatic brain injury patients had higher Wessex Head Injury Matrix scores when on Modafinil (x^2?=^?8.33, p?p?=?0.29).

Conclusion: Modafinil appears to be beneficial for enhancing cognition in prolonged disorder of consciousness patients. Traumatic brain injury patients benefited more than non-traumatic brain injury patients.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• People with prolonged disorders of consciousness are those in coma, a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state.

• Sensorimotor and neuromodulations (pharmacological and brain stimulation) are the available treatment strategies to this group.

• Modafinil promotes attention, concentration and maintains wakefulness in a patient with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorders.

• In a relatively small sample, this retrospective pilot study shows the effectiveness of Modafinil in conjunction with good care, suitable medications and multidisciplinary rehabilitation in enhancing arousal in prolonged disorders of consciousness patients.

     

3.0TMR-SWI诊断CT阴性急性弥漫性轴索损伤的价值

目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)在CT阴性的弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)的优势。材料与方法 23例脑外伤CT阴性而临床高度怀疑DAI患者3 d内行3.0 T MR检查,检查序列包括T1WI、T2Wl、液体衰减翻转恢复序列(FIAIR)和SWI,分析比较各序列上脑内轴索损伤病灶检出率和病灶数目的差异性,分析SWI技术指标与格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma scale,GCS)的相关性。结果 DAI病灶主要分布于脑灰白质交界区和白质深部。常规Tl WI、T2WI、FLAIR和SWI序列对DAI病灶检出率分别为23.8%、32.2%、46.5%和83.8%,而微小出血灶检出数目分别为31、68、103、326;SWI与T1WI、T2WI和FLAIR在病灶检出率和病灶数目的差异有显著的统计学意义(P0.01)。SWI显示的出血性病灶与患者入院时GCS评分呈高度负相关(r=-0.876)。结论与传统序列比较,SWI对DAI出血性病灶的检出具有极高的敏感性,且能很好地反映病情,为DAI早期临床诊断及预后评价提供更多客观依据。     

乙酰谷酰胺注射液用于神经外科昏迷治疗的疗效及安全性研究

目的：探讨乙酰谷酰胺注射液用于神经外科昏迷治疗的疗效及安全性。方法：重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者90例根据随机数字表法分为治疗组与对照组各45例,所有患者都给予急诊手术治疗,与此同时,入院后治疗组和对照组分别用不同的静脉点滴进行干预,分别是乙酰谷酰胺注射液以及生理盐水,持续干预7天。结果：术后3个月进行判定,治疗组与对照组的有效率分别为93.3%和73.3%,治疗组的有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后经过3个月后,两组的GCS评分要比手术前高(P<0.05),其中,术后的GCS评分进行对比发现,对照组低于治疗组(P<0.05)。将两组谷氨酸与天冬氨酸含量进行比较,对照组高于治疗组(P<0.05),同时也明显低于术前(P<0.05);手术前后对照组的谷氨酸及天冬氨酸含量对比差异无统计学意义。治疗组术后3个月期间的血管破裂、血栓形成、血管痉挛、过度灌注综合征等并发症发生情况明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：乙酰谷酰胺注射液用于神经外科重型颅脑损伤昏迷患者的手术治疗能有效抑制兴奋性氨基酸的释放,减少对于神经功能的损伤,疗效可靠,且能减少并发症的发生,具有更好的安全性。