2例胰岛素自身免疫综合征临床病例分析

通过回顾分析我院2例确诊为胰岛素自身免疫综合征(IAS)患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献,总结发病机制及治疗方法,探讨IAS患者的临床特点,提高对低血糖症的诊治水平。     

免疫共刺激分子与自身免疫性疾病的研究进展

正常机体的免疫系统具有区别"自己"和"非己"的能力,对非己抗原能够发生免疫应答,对自身抗原则是处于无应答或微弱应答状态,时刻处于"免疫激活-免疫耐受"的动态平衡状态。然而,如果正常的免疫耐受被打破,将"自己"识别成"非己",处于非正常免疫激活状态的T细胞就会持续迁延的对自身抗原产生异常的免疫应答,结果会导致自身免疫性疾病(ADS)的发生。因此,"无效"的免疫识别和免疫应答成为自身免疫性疾病的发病的主要致病机制。免疫共刺激分子(co-stimulatory molecule)作为连接抗原递呈细胞(APC)和免疫细胞(T细胞,B细胞)的重要纽带,有研究已经证实,正性免疫共刺激分子的高表达和负性免疫共刺激分子的低表达都会导致自身免疫耐受的缺陷,进而引发自身免疫性疾病。依据中医药"纠偏","扶正"的治疗特色。本文通过对4种典型性的自身免疫性疾病:系统性则是以红斑狼疮(SLE)和类风湿性关节炎(RA)为代表;器官特异性则是以多发性硬化症(MS)和Ⅰ型糖尿病(T1DM)发病机制进行探讨,依赖于这4种疾病发病过程中免疫共刺激分子对免疫识别与免疫应答的重要影响,并且依托于中医药对自身免疫平衡调节的作用,结合近十年来的相关文献,对免疫共刺激分子与自身免疫性疾病之间的关系进行论述,探寻不同的免疫共刺激分子在不同的自身免疫病中的共性,并初探中药以PD1-PDL1为药物靶点治疗自身免疫病的可行性。     

近30年中国文献报道恶性淋巴瘤合并自身免疫性血细胞减少症的系统性分析

本文通过收集1989年1月至2019年12月国内学者发表在国内外期刊上的文献及参考文献,共纳入符合标准的140例恶性淋巴瘤(malignant lymphoma,ML)合并自身免疫性血细胞减少(autoimmune cytopenia,AIC)病例,包括溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia,AIHA)、免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)、纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(pure red cell aplasia,PRCA)及Evans综合征等。虽然各亚型淋巴瘤病例数均较少(n=1~28),但通过系统性分析仍得到部分有意义的发现。除免疫性中性粒细胞减少(autoimmune neutropenia,AIN)外,各类AIC均有报道,发生率依次为AIHA>ITP>冷凝集素综合征(cold agglutinin syndrome,CAS)>PRCA>Evans综合征。AIC见于各亚型淋巴瘤,但各类AIC在不同亚型发生率存在差异。CAS仅见于淋巴瘤B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B cell nonHodgkin′slymphoma,B-NHL)、AIHA、ITP,Evans综合征多见于B-NHL,PRCA则多见于T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤(T cell non Hodgkin′s lymphoma,T-NHL)。相较于糖皮质激素等常规治疗,合并ML的AIC抗肿瘤治疗对有效率更高。恶性淋巴瘤合并AIC临床情况复杂,需引起临床关注。     

防范魔音入耳 关爱听力健康

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CT and MRI characteristics of ovarian mature teratoma in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of ovarian mature teratoma in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E).Materials and MethodsA total of 125 women (mean age, 40.9 ± 17.8 [SD] years; age range: 12–85 years) with 146 histopathologically or radiologically proven ovarian mature teratomas who underwent preoperative CT and MRI examinations were retrospectively included. Eight patients with 11 teratomas had NMDAR-E, whereas 117 patients with 135 teratomas did not have NMDAR-E. CT and MRI examinations were retrospectively reviewed and teratomas in patients with NMDAR-E were compared to those in patients without NMDAR-E. Comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher exact test.ResultsIn patients with NMDAR-E, maximum diameter of teratomas (26.1 ± 9.3 [SD] mm), prevalence of teeth/calcification (36%) and rate of occupation by fat components (26%) were lower than those in patients without NMDAR-E (67.0 ± 37.6 [SD] mm [P < 0.01]; 75% [P < 0.05]; and 65%[P < 0.01], respectively). More than 75% of space was occupied by fat components in 76/135 teratomas (56%) in patients without NMDAR-E, whereas this was not observed in any teratoma in patients without NMDAR-E.ConclusionBy comparison with teratomas in patients without NMDAR-E, teratomas in patients with NMDAR-E are smaller, have few teeth/calcification, and the amount of space occupied by fat components is smaller.