Priming sentence comprehension in aphasia: effects of lexically independent and specific structural priming

Background & Aims: Impaired message-structure mapping results in deficits in both sentence production and comprehension in aphasia. Structural priming has been shown to facilitate syntactic production for persons with aphasia (PWA). However, it remains unknown if structural priming is also effective in sentence comprehension. We examined if PWA show preserved and lasting structural priming effects during interpretation of syntactically ambiguous sentences and if the priming effects occur independently of or in conjunction with lexical (verb) information.

Methods & Procedures: Eighteen PWA and 20 healthy older adults (HOA) completed a written sentence-picture matching task involving the interpretation of prepositional phrases (PP; the chef is poking the solider with an umbrella) that were ambiguous between high (verb modifier) and low attachment (object noun modifier). Only one interpretation was possible for prime sentences, while both interpretations were possible for target sentences. In Experiment 1, the target was presented immediately after the prime (0-lag). In Experiment 2, two filler items intervened between the prime and the target (2-lag). Within each experiment, the verb was repeated for half of the prime-target pairs, while different verbs were used for the other half. Participants’ off-line picture matching choices and response times were measured.

Results: After reading a prime sentence with a particular interpretation, HOA and PWA tended to interpret an ambiguous PP in a target sentence in the same way and with faster response times. Importantly, both groups continued to show this priming effect over a lag (Experiment 2), although the effect was not as reliable in response times. However, neither group showed lexical (verb-specific) boost on priming, deviating from robust lexical boost seen in the young adults of prior studies.

Conclusions: PWA demonstrate abstract (lexically-independent) structural priming in the absence of a lexically-specific boost. Abstract priming is preserved in aphasia, effectively facilitating not only immediate but also longer-lasting structure-message mapping during sentence comprehension.     

补碘对7～12岁轻度碘缺乏病儿童脑功能及生长、发育的影响

通过半年对３５名７～１２岁轻度碘缺乏病儿童进行补碘，并与同龄、同地的正常儿童和缺碘未补碘儿童进行比较，以观察补碘对儿童脑功能及生长发育的影响。结果发现：①补碘可使儿童碘营养状况恢复正常，尿碘值由（８３．２±３．５）μｇ／Ｌ上升到（１６２．２±１．６）μｇ／Ｌ，血清Ｔ４、ＦＴ４Ｉ和ｒＴ３：也与正常儿童一致而与未补碘儿童有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）．②轻度碘缺乏病儿童智商低于正常儿童（Ｐ＜０．０１），补碘在一定程度上改善其智商水平。③轻度碘缺乏病及补碘未能明显影响儿童的生长发育，可能与儿童总营养水平较差有关。     

弱智儿童与正常儿童智力结构的比较研究

以中国－韦氏儿童智力量表和修订幼儿Ｈ．Ｒ神经心理测验中的范畴测验作为儿童智力和思维能力的指标，对４７名８－１１岁弱智儿童和５０名普通小学儿童进行了测试，发现弱智儿童ＩＱ在４６－６９之间，属智力迟滞，与教育的筛选结果相同。且危险因素明显多于正常儿童。正常儿童ＩＱ在１１０－１３３之间，属高于平常智力，两组间有显著性差异。两组儿童智力结构图走势相似，提示智力测验对个体的指导意义更大。弱智儿童与正常儿童的范畴测验得分有极显著的差异，且与ＩＱ呈显著负相关，提示范畴测验鉴别力良好，可单独作为儿童思维能力的检测指标。     

学龄儿童单纯性肥胖对智商影响的meta分析

目的 应用meta分析正确评价学龄儿童单纯性肥胖对智商的影响。方法 对检索到的符合标准的11篇相关文献进行meta分析，选择随机效应模型进行统计处理。结果 单纯性肥胖组与对照组儿童智商比较，平均较应尺度为-0．3385，平均效应尺度的95％可信区间为-0．8036～0．1266。结论 单纯性肥胖对智商影响的meta分析结果无统计学意义。     

职业性接触苯、甲苯、二甲苯对子代行为影响的初步探讨

为探讨职业性接触苯、甲苯、二甲苯对子代行为的影响，以４６名父母生育期接触苯、甲苯、二甲苯的儿童为暴露组；抽取与暴露组同年龄、同性别、同班级、其父母无任何职业有害因素接触史的５８名儿童为对照组，用ＷＩＣＳ－Ｒ（韦克斯勒儿童智力量表）对研究对象进行智力测验，用ＮＢ－Ｉ型视运动反应仪测试视简单反应时。结果显示，接触组各智力测验的得分均低于对照组，视反应时指标慢于对照组，差异有显著意义；进一步的分层分析结果显示，母接触组的各项得分均低于对照组，而父接触组的各项得分与对照组之间差异无显著意义。     

差商最速下降法及其收敛性

证明了精确线搜索下的差商最速下降法的整体收敛性,提出了非精确线搜索下的有关算法并证明了收敛性。     

当代失语症语篇学研究思潮刍议

本文简要介绍了失语症语篇学研究的内容、研究视角和重要发现，分析了其特点、存在的问题，以及研究方法的潮流走向。结构主义注重话语微观层面，功能主义关注总体的结构和意义，话语的宏观和微观层面的对接将成为研究的新趋势。     

皮纹与智力相关关系的多因素分析

本文用多因素分析方法，对智商分布于25－121之间的939人的24项指，掌纹性状，结合智商进行相关分析，用逐步回归方法，建立多元线性回归方程，该方程有较好地区分高，中低智力组的区分率（96．49％），回代符合率也远高于理论值，达81．26％，通过该方程所测得皮纹智商与生理智商一致，二者无显著差异，该方程能较好地反映一个人在智力上的遗传素质，并具有简单，方便，易学制，不爱主管观条件影响，测试结果稳定等优点，是便于在广大基层普及推广的一种智力测试方法，对提高我国人口素质具有积极的实用意义。     

Speech — A key function of man reflexions of a neurosurgeon Budapest,February 23, 1991

Summary Man is distinguished and differentiated from other living creatures by possessing less genetically determined characteristics, behaviour and reactions, with fewer features fitting him for a special environment. For this reason he enjoys greater freedom and adaptability.In order to be able to pass on the necessarry lessons for survival, man must have command of his speech, and as a species can only exist within communities. This presupposes an instinctive drive to make rules and regulations for ordered living in society.Speech is not only a means of communication but also the basis and precondition of abstract thinking. Complete aphasia implies the loss of this ability. It would deprive man from the most important of his key functions. Therefore it is inhuman.These reflections have convinced me absolutely, that neurosurgical interventions, which would have the predictable result of total aphasia, must not be performed, even though prolongation of life, but without speech, might thus be bought.     

小儿智商、出生体重与成孕日父母生物节律关系的初步探讨

对107名小儿调查分析其智商及出生体重与成孕日父母生物节律的相关性，获得了有意义的结论：①小儿智商与成孕时父母的智力节律处于高潮期有关，②小儿出生体重与成孕时父母的体力节律处于高潮期有关。本组资料为我们倡导的“先咨询、后受孕”提供了依据，指出选择高潮期妊娠配合孕期保健有助于优生。