Interstitial lung diseases in children

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children (chILD) is a heterogeneous group of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of the various chILD is complex and the diseases share common features of inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the lung parenchyma that impair gas exchanges. The etiologies of chILD are numerous. In this review, we chose to classify them as ILD related to exposure/environment insults, ILD related to systemic and immunological diseases, ILD related to primary lung parenchyma dysfunctions and ILD specific to infancy. A growing part of the etiologic spectrum of chILD is being attributed to molecular defects. Currently, the main genetic mutations associated with chILD are identified in the surfactant genes SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, ABCA3 and NKX2-1. Other genetic contributors include mutations in MARS, CSF2RA and CSF2RB in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and mutations in TMEM173 and COPA in specific auto-inflammatory forms of chILD. However, only few genotype-phenotype correlations could be identified so far. Herein, information is provided about the clinical presentation and the diagnosis approach of chILD. Despite improvements in patient management, the therapeutic strategies are still relying mostly on corticosteroids although specific therapies are emerging. Larger longitudinal cohorts of patients are being gathered through ongoing international collaborations to improve disease knowledge and targeted therapies. Thus, it is expected that children with ILD will be able to reach the adulthood transition in a better condition.     

下肢静脉曲张术后并发静脉血栓的有效护理干预

目的:分析对下肢静脉曲张术后并发静脉血栓患者的有效护理干预措施。方法:以2019年6月~2019年6月我院收治的42例下肢静脉曲张患者为研究对象,随机分为两组,各21例,对照组常规护理,实验组实施有效护理干预,对比护理效果。结果:对照组下肢静脉曲张术后患者的并发深静脉血栓发生率高于实验组患者,差异具备统计学价值;实验组下肢静脉曲张术后患者的护理满意度高于对照组患者,差异显著且具备统计学意义。结论:下肢静脉曲张术后实施有效护理干预可降低并发静脉血栓发生率,同时提升患者护理满意度,有效改善患者预后,促进患者康复,也有利于维护良好的护患关系,因此应在临床实践中对有效护理干预进行推广与普及。     

上矢状窦旁中后1/3脑膜瘤术中回流静脉的保护研究

目的探讨上矢状窦中后1/3脑膜瘤术中保护回流静脉的方法及意义,为确保手术成功提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析本院神经外科2011年8月至2013年8月收治的50例上矢状窦旁中后1/3脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,按照是否保护回流静脉分为观察组(36例)和对照组(14例)。观察组患者行静脉磁共振血管成像(MRV)检查,明确上矢状窦通畅程度与脑膜瘤周边静脉回流代偿情况,术中尽量保护回流静脉及正常脑组织,妥善处理受累矢状窦。对照组患者采用传统手术方式治疗,未评价矢状窦通畅情况,未保护回流静脉。依据Simpson标准评价肿瘤切除程度,比较两组患者肿瘤全切率、死亡率、对症治疗及随访情况。结果两组患者均顺利完成手术,观察组患者肿瘤全切除34例(94.44%),对照组患者肿瘤全切除10例(71.43%),两组均未出现死亡病例,观察组患者手术效果明显优于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论上矢状窦中后1/3脑膜瘤术前行MRV检查,术中保护回流静脉可提高肿瘤全切除率,改善患者的生存质量。     

Are myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism associated? Population-based case–control and cohort studies

Introduction

Because the association of myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain, we tested MI as a VTE risk factor and VTE as a predictor of MI.

Materials and Methods

Using Rochester Epidemiology Project resources, we identified all Olmsted County, MN residents with objectively-diagnosed incident VTE over the 13-year period, 1988–2000 (n = 1311), one to two resident controls per VTE case (n = 1511), and all residents with incident MI over the 31-year period, 1979–2010. For VTE cases and controls, we reviewed their complete medical records in the community for VTE and MI risk factors. Using conditional logistic regression we tested MI as a potential VTE risk factor, both unadjusted and after adjusting for VTE risk factors. We also followed VTE cases and controls without prior MI forward in time for incident MI through 12/31/2010, and using Cox proportional hazards modeling, tested VTE as a predictor of MI, both unadjusted and after adjusting for MI risk factors.

Results

The number (%) of MI prior to VTE among cases and controls were 75 (5.7) and 51 (3.4), respectively, and the number (%) of MI after VTE among cases and controls were 58 (4.4) and 77 (5.1), respectively. In univariate analyses, MI was significantly associated with VTE but not after adjusting for VTE risk factors. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, VTE (overall or idiopathic) was not a predictor of MI.

Conclusions

MI is not an independent risk factor for VTE, and VTE is not a predictor of MI.     

内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术对交通支反流的影响

目的：探讨内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术对反流交通支的影响。 方法：选择2010年3月—2012年3月收治的合并有交通支反流的下肢静脉曲张患者36例（39条患肢）行内翻式大隐静脉剥脱术治疗,术后采用临床表现严重程度评分（VCSS）评估临床症状的改善情况,采用超声观察交通支反流的变化情况。 结果：36例患者均获术后1年随访。术前VCSS为5.12±1.36,术后1年为1.25±1.48,两者间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术前超声检查出反流交通支143条,位于大腿部的反流交通支34条,位于小腿部的反流交通支109条;术后1年超声复查共检查发现原反流交通支仍存在28条（19.6%）,位于大腿部的反流交通支2条（5.9%）,位于小腿部的反流交通支26条（23.9%）。 结论：对合并交通支反流的静脉曲张患者仅施以浅静脉手术就可以达到改善症状及减少反流交通支的目的,浅静脉手术疗效不佳时再进行交通支手术。     

近代静脉外科在相关领域中的进展与关注点

在周围血管的疾病诊治中,静脉疾病患者众多,占门诊量的60%以上。据统计,在我国下肢静脉疾病的患病率为8.89%,仅大隐静脉曲张就有上亿患者。近年来有关血管疾病的诊治方法、理念、辅助设备、耗材、技术以及基础研究都得到了重大发展,特别是在大隐静脉曲张、肢体深静脉血栓、髂静脉压迫综合征、盆腔淤血综合征的静脉疾病的诊治方面有突破,彰显近代静脉外科的发展和进步。为此,笔者就相关静脉外科的进展和关注点进行论述和总结。     

Jugular Venous Flow Quantification Using Doppler Sonography

A consensus on venous flow quantification using echo spectral Doppler sonography is lacking. Doppler sonography data from 83 healthy individuals were examined using manually traced transverse cross-sectional area and diameter-derived cross-sectional area obtained in longitudinal view measurements of the internal jugular vein. Time-averaged velocity over a 4-s interval was obtained in the longitudinal plane using manual tracing of the waveform. Manual and computer-generated blood flow volume calculations were also obtained for the common carotid artery, for accuracy purposes. No differences were detected between semi-automated and manual blood flow volume calculations for the common carotid artery. The manual calculation method resulted in almost twofold larger venous internal jugular vein flow measurements compared with the semi-automated method. Doppler sonography equipment does not provide accurate automated calculation of venous size and blood flow. Until further technological development occurs, manual calculation of venous blood flow is warranted.     

Ultrasonic study of venous patterns in the right hypochondrium: An anatomical approach to differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice

Through real time ultrasonography, it is possible to display the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein, the vena porta, and the intrahepatic portal and systemic veins. In jaundice, it is of the utmost importance to carefully identify the vena porta before making a diagnosis of common bile duct enlargement. It is also necessary, when confronted with a pattern of apparently enlarged intrahepatic ducts, to conduct a thorough study of possible confluences of the ducts with the vena porta or vena cava to be certain that the ducts are not part of the portal or systemic venous network. Without such differentiation, portal enlargement caused portal hypertension, systemic venous enlargement caused cardiac insufficiency, or even nonpathological wide veins may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.     

颈内静脉留置导管堵塞的原因分析及对策

目的颈内静脉留置导管已在临床广泛使用 ,为防止留置导管发生堵塞 ,延长置管时间 ,找到预防堵管的有效护理方法。方法本组 2 6 0例病例分为二组 ,一组 130例分为A、B二小组 ,采取不同浓度的肝素封管液 ,观察堵管情况 ,另一组 130例根据是否使用高营养液分为C、D二小组 ,同时观察堵管情况。结果发现使用不同浓度的肝素封管液发生堵管有明显差异 (P〈0 .0 5 ) ,高营养组导管堵塞的发生率明显高于非高营养组 (P〈0 .0 5 )。结论为了防止颈内静脉留置导管发生堵塞 ,延长置管时间 ,临床上合理使用肝素封管液、使用高营养液必须注意在输注高营养前后都须用生理盐水冲洗导管、熟练的穿刺技术、正确的封管操作、药物之间的配伍禁忌和严密的观察等都是良好的预防措施。     

腔内微波与传统手术治疗原发性下肢静脉曲张的临床对照研究

目的：比较腔内微波闭合术（EMA）与传统剥脱术治疗原发性下肢静脉曲张的疗效。方法：回顾性分析170例原发性下肢静脉曲张患者资料,其中110例行大隐静脉高位结扎加EMA治疗（EMA组）,60例采用传统手术方法治疗（传统组）,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后下床活动时间、术后住院天数、手术并发症、术后疗效等指标。结果：EMA组手术时间、术中出血量、术后开始下床活动时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症（皮肤灼伤、皮下淤血、切口愈合不良、局部感觉异常）均低于传统手术治疗组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。术后深静脉血栓发生率、术后疗效（局部复发、色素沉着）两组患者比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论：高位结扎联合EMA治疗原发性大隐静脉曲张有效地结合了传统手术和微波治疗的优点,兼有微创、安全、有效的特点。