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排序方式: 共有105条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Vaccine》2016,34(4):555-562
BackgroundIn most low- and middle-income countries, hepatitis A virus (HAV) is shifting or expected to shift from high endemicity to intermediate or low endemicity. A decreased risk of HAV infection will cause an increase in the average age at infection and will therefore increase the proportion of infections that results in severe disease. Mathematical models can provide insights into the factors contributing to this epidemiological transition.MethodsAn MSLIR compartmental dynamic transmission model stratified by age and setting (rural and urban) was developed and calibrated with demographic, environmental, and epidemiological data from Thailand. HAV transmission was modeled as a function of urbanization and access to clean drinking water. The model was used to project various epidemiological measures.ResultsThe age at midpoint of population immunity remains considerably younger in rural areas than in urban areas. The mean age of symptomatic hepatitis A infection in Thailand has shifted from childhood toward early adulthood in rural areas and is transitioning from early adulthood toward middle adulthood in urban areas. The model showed a significant decrease in incidence rates of total and symptomatic infections in rural and urban settings in Thailand over the past several decades as water access has increased, although the overall incidence rate of symptomatic HAV is projected to slightly increase in the coming decades.ConclusionsModeling the relationship between water, urbanization, and HAV endemicity is a novel approach in the estimation of HAV epidemiological trends and future projections. This approach provides insights about the shifting HAV epidemiology and could be used to evaluate the public health impact of vaccination and other interventions in a diversity of settings. 相似文献
2.
《Anais brasileiros de dermatologia》2021,96(2):210-223
Urbanization, pollution and the modification of natural landscapes are characteristics of modern society, where the change in human relations with the environment and the impact on biodiversity are environmental determinants that affect the health-disease relationship. The skin is an organ that has a strong interface with the environment and, therefore, the prevalence patterns of dermatoses may reflect these environmental changes. In this article, aspects related to deforestation, fires, urbanization, large-scale agriculture, extensive livestock farming, pollution and climatic changes are discussed regarding their influence on the epidemiology of skin diseases. It is important that dermatologists be aware of their social responsibility in order to promote sustainable practices in their community, in addition to identifying the impacts of environmental imbalances on different dermatoses, which is essential for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. 相似文献
3.
目的:了解城镇化进程中农村老年人社会支持的状况。方法:采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对胶州城镇化进程中200名老年人进行问卷调查。运用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行方差分析。结果:1不同年龄、受教育程度、月均收入、经济来源、子女看望频率的老年人在主观支持方面存在显著差异(F=16.021,9.731,10.811,5.362,21.301;P0.05);2不同年龄、受教育程度、月均收入、经济来源、子女看望频率、有无养老保障、做重大决策时子女的支持情况的老年人在客观支持上存在显著差异(F=3.184,11.137,12.771,6.576,9.663,3.169,17.813;P0.05);3不同年龄、受教育程度、月均收入、经济来源、子女看望频率、有无养老保障的老年人在对社会支持的利用度上存在显著差异(F=7.473,10.348,9.578,9.521,6.112,10.575;P0.05),但是做重大决定时子女的支持情况在老年人对社会支持的利用度上没有差异(P0.05);4不同年龄、受教育程度、月均收入、经济来源、子女看望频率、有无养老保障、做重大决策时子女的支持情况的老年人在社会支持总分上存在显著差异(F=14.529,15.301,16.930,9.227,18.198,12.419,19.990;P0.05)。结论:城镇化进程中农村老年人的社会支持受到年龄、受教育程度、经济状况、有无养老保障,老年人做决定时子女的支持情况等因素的影响。 相似文献
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5.
城镇化建设不仅是人、财、物由农村向城镇的转移,更是一种生活方式的变革。目前,我国人口城镇化进程缓慢、人居环境较差等问题直接或间接地影响到新增居民的主观幸福感。提出在建设城镇化的过程中,要善于发现问题、积极解决问题,注重居民的主观幸福感的塑造,努力创造出真正让居民感到幸福的城镇。 相似文献
6.
在人口老龄化的背景下,如何控制医疗费用、促进健康老龄化已经成为世界性难题。本文通过实证研究分析中国人口老龄化对医疗卫生支出的影响机制,为医疗和养老政策的制定提供参考。面板门槛效应模型的回归结果显示,中国人口老龄化对居民医疗卫生支出的影响与城镇化水平有关。城镇化水平存在双重门槛效应,当城镇化水平低于第二个门槛值,人口老龄化显著地减少了医疗卫生支出;当城镇化水平高于第二个门槛值,人口老龄化对医疗卫生支出的影响机制发生改变,显著地增加了医疗卫生支出。因此,如何在城镇化进程中增进老年人口的社会福祉是控制医疗费用、促进健康老龄化的关键。 相似文献
7.
Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: implications for water governance and public policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hanjra MA Blackwell J Carr G Zhang F Jackson TM 《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2012,215(3):255-269
Climate change is a large-scale and emerging environmental risk. It challenges environmental health and the sustainability of global development. Wastewater irrigation can make a sterling contribution to reducing water demand, recycling nutrients, improving soil health and cutting the amount of pollutants discharged into the waterways. However, the resource must be carefully managed to protect the environment and public health. Actions promoting wastewater reuse are every where, yet the frameworks for the protection of human health and the environment are lacking in most developing countries. Global change drivers including climate change, population growth, urbanization, income growth, improvements in living standard, industrialization, and energy intensive lifestyle will all heighten water management challenges. Slowing productivity growth, falling investment in irrigation, loss of biodiversity, risks to public health, environmental health issues such as soil salinity, land degradation, land cover change and water quality issues add an additional layer of complexity. Against this backdrop, the potential for wastewater irrigation and its benefits and risks are examined. These include crop productivity, aquaculture, soil health, groundwater quality, environmental health, public health, infrastructure constraints, social concerns and risks, property values, social equity, and poverty reduction. It is argued that, wastewater reuse and nutrient capture can contribute towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. Benefits such as avoided freshwater pumping and energy savings, fertilizer savings, phosphorous capture and prevention of mineral fertilizer extraction from mines can reduce carbon footprint and earn carbon credits. Wastewater reuse in agriculture reduces the water footprint of food production on the environment; it also entails activities such as higher crop yields and changes in cropping patterns, which also reduce carbon footprint. However, there is a need to better integrate water reuse into core water governance frameworks in order to effectively address the challenges and harness the potential of this vital resource for environmental health protection. The paper also presents a blueprint for future water governance and public policies for the protection of environmental health. 相似文献
8.
Qiongjie Zhou Weiyuan Zhang Huan Xu Huan Liang Yan Ruan Shufeng Zhou Xiaotian Li 《International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics》2014
Objective
To investigate the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in urban areas in China and examine the associated risk factors.Methods
A population-based, prospective study was undertaken in 14 cities in China between January 1, 2011, and January 31, 2012. Women were recruited at their first prenatal-care visit, when maternal characteristics were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.Results
Of 112 439 women included in analyses, 3077 (2.7%) had PPROM. Univariate analysis showed an increased risk of PPROM before 28 weeks of pregnancy in migrant women (odds ratio [OR] 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–3.30; P < 0.001), in those with a history of recurrent induced abortions (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.66–4.56; P < 0.001), and in those with a history of preterm birth (OR 3.90; 95% CI 0.77–19.61; P < 0.001). The associations were maintained in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).Conclusion
Migration as a result of urbanization, high rates of induced abortion, and preterm birth are potential risk factors for PPROM in Chinese women. 相似文献9.
城市化的迅速发展对我国卫生事业的挑战及对策 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
程鑫 《中国卫生事业管理》2000,16(4):196-197
目前,我国已进入城市化快速发展的新时期城市化发展引起的环境污染、生态环境破坏等问题,使我国的卫生事业面临着严峻的。文中主要从环境负效应、传染病、非传染性疾病、精神障碍、边缘人嫩等几个方面加以分析,针对这些问题,文章提出解决的方法,包括提高全社会环境意识,重塑环境卫生新观念,优化卫生资源配置。 相似文献
10.
M Adil Abbas Khan Mohammed Farid Zain A Sobani Syed Nadir Ali Huzaifa Malick Maryam Baqir Hasanat Sharif M Asim Beg 《Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine》2011,1(2):166-168
Many species have been drastically affected by rapid urbanization. Harris''s hawks from their natural habitat of open spaces and a supply of rodents, lizards and other small prey have been forced to change their natural environment adapting to living in open spaces in sub- and peri-urban areas. Specific areas include playgrounds, parks and school courtyards. The migration of this predatory species into these areas poses a risk to individuals, and especially the children are often attacked by claws, talons and beaks intentionally or as collateral damage while attacking rodent prey. In addition, the diverse micro-organisms harbored in the beaks and talons can result in wound infections, presenting a challenge to clinical management. Here we would like to present a case of an 80-year-old man with cellulitis of both hands after sustaining minor injuries from the talons of a Harris''s hawk and review the management options. We would also like to draw attention to the matter that, even though previously a rarity, more cases of injuries caused by birds of prey may be seen in hospital settings. 相似文献