基于超声影像组学的乳腺癌预测模型的诊断性能研究

目的评估并比较基于不同机器学习算法建立的乳腺癌超声影像组学预测模型的诊断性能。 方法回顾性收集2017年1月至2019年4月就诊皖南医学院第一附属医院、有明确病理结果的乳腺肿块病例828例，以2018年8月31日为节点将其分为训练集（526例）和验证集（302例），提取肿块的超声影像组学特征并进行特征筛选，运用k最近邻（kNN）、逻辑回归（LR）、朴素贝叶斯（NB）、随机森林（RF）和支持向量机（SVM）5种机器学习算法分别建立预测模型，使用重复交叉验证方法做内部验证，计算比较各模型的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）和阴性预测值（NPV），并实施外部验证，绘制ROC曲线并比较ROC曲线下面积（AUC）以评价模型的鉴别诊断性能，绘制校准曲线评价模型校准度。 结果从提取的109个影像组学特征中筛选出19个特征建立了5种机器学习算法模型。在内部验证中，5种模型的敏感度、特异度、PPV、NPV比较，总体差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.001）。LR模型的特异度、PPV、NPV中位数分别为0.769、0.816、0.778，3项指标均高于其他4种模型；敏感度中位数为0.824，高于kNN、RF和SVM模型。此外，SVM模型的特异度、PPV、NPV中位数分别为0.706、0.774、0.759，虽均低于LR模型，但均高于其他3种模型。在外部验证中，LR、SVM、RF、kNN和NB的AUC依次为0.890、0.832、0.821、0.746和0.703，其中LR与SVM的AUC差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）；此外，各模型在校准性能上表现并不一致，LR和SVM模型的校准曲线显示乳腺癌实际概率与预测概率之间的一致性较好。 结论以超声影像组学特征为基础，运用不同机器学习算法建立的乳腺癌超声预测模型，均表现出较高的诊断性能，其中LR模型表现最为突出；选择合适的机器学习算法有助于进一步提高预测模型的诊断性能，提供更加准确的量化预测结果。     

超声造影规范化护理专家共识

为了实现超声对比剂（也称超声造影剂）高效、合理、安全、规范化输注，国内相关医护专家总结了国内外文献证据及临床经验，按照循证医学原则充分讨论后，制订了该共识，旨在为我国超声对比剂安全输注的规范化和标准化提供参考意见。共识介绍了超声对比剂的应用现状和安全性、相关法规与流程，造影前、中、后的规范化护理，并提出16条推荐意见。提出目前国内批准上市使用的超声对比剂安全性高，建议医护人员根据最新说明书或专家共识进行配药和给药，并从造影室管理、风险预案、人员资质等方面予以规范。     

Liver Transplantation Following Life-threatening Abdominal Trauma: A Case Series of 5 Patients at a Single Institution

Managing traumatic liver injury (TLI) is always challenging and demands precise clinical judgment. Currently, treatment of TLI in most circumstances is non-operative; however, surgical therapy might be required for severe TLI, particularly those that result in extensive blood loss. In the current institutional study carried out from June 1995 to April 2017, we describe our experience with 5 patients who received an orthotopic liver transplant for severe TLI. One patient passed away postoperatively from cerebral edema; 1 patient died of renal failure 4 years after the liver transplantation, and 3 patients are still alive. Based on our experience, we conclude that in patients with TLI, especially those with uncontrollable bleeding or those who develop liver failure, liver transplantation should be taken into consideration.     

Dissected Aorta Repair Through Stent Implantation trial: Canadian results

Objectives

We describe the Canadian results of the Ascyrus Medical Dissection Stent (AMDS), a novel partially uncovered aortic arch hybrid graft implanted antegrade during hypothermic circulatory arrest to promote true lumen expansion and enhance aortic remodeling.

Lateral Lymph Nodes in Rectal Cancer: Do we all Think the Same? A Review of Multidisciplinary Obstacles and Treatment Recommendations

Lateral lymph nodes in low, locally advanced, rectal cancer have proven implications for local recurrence rates, which increase drastically in the presence of persistently enlarged lateral lymph nodes. These clinical implications warrant a thorough understanding of lateral nodal disease with awareness and knowledge from all three specialties involved – radiology, radiation oncology, and surgery – to ensure proper treatment. Relevant literature for each specialty, including all current guidelines and perspectives, were examined. Variations in definitions and treatment paradigms were evaluated. There is still no consensus for the standardized treatment of lateral nodal disease. Each discipline works according to their own available evidence, but relevant data are scarce. Current international guidelines and standard recommendations for the diagnostics and treatment of lateral lymph nodes are lacking. This results in differing perspectives and interpretations between the disciplines which can lead to challenging communication in an area where multidisciplinary collaboration is essential. This review addresses this by presenting the current evidence, perspectives and practices of each specialty and makes suggestions for each phase of the diagnostic and treatment process for patients with lateral nodal disease. By doing this, steps are taken toward achieving international consensus, and multidisciplinary collaboration.     

Prenatal diagnosis of pyriform sinus fistula using ultrasonography by detecting the communication to the pharynx

ObjectivePyriform sinus fistula (PSF) is a congenital anomaly which originates from the pharyngeal pouch. PSF is initially recognized as a cyst around the fetal neck, but accurate prenatal diagnosis of the disease is challenging. We aimed to report the key findings and tips in accurately distinguishing PSF from other differential diagnosis by which enables detection of the communication of the nuchal cyst and the pharynx.Case reportWe report a case in which we were able to diagnose PSF as early as 18 weeks of gestation with ultrasonography. We used epiglottis as a landmark, and detected an unilobular cyst arising from the pharynx.ConclusionUltrasonography is a powerful tool in prenatal diagnosis of PSF especially at early stage of pregnancy. By detecting the epiglottis, it can locate the communication of the nuchal cyst and the pharynx, and thereby enables an accurate diagnosis of PSF.     

枕下三角的超声解剖学研究

目的探讨枕下三角境界及内容物的检查方法与超声解剖学特点,为临床检查枕下三角提供超声影像学资料。方法对100例健康成年人枕下区进行超声检查,描述枕下三角境界的超声判定及解剖关系;阐述枕大神经的走行特点,测量头下斜肌表面枕大神经的横截面积;记录椎动脉V3段管腔内径(D)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)、阻力指数(PI)。结果 (1)寰椎后结节左侧约1 cm处纵切声像图显示寰椎后弓呈"短弧形"强回声,其后上方为头后大直肌、后下方为头下斜肌,三者分别构成枕下三角的底、内上界和外下界。(2)寰椎侧块处纵切声像图显示侧块为"平台样"强回声结构,其后方为椎动脉V3段、下方紧接寰椎后弓;后弓后方为头下斜肌、后上方为头上斜肌,头上斜肌构成三角的外上界,后弓与椎动脉V3段之间为枕下神经所在区域。(3)枕大神经长轴声像图显示神经从头下斜肌下缘发出后向内上走行于头下斜肌及头后大直肌与头半棘肌之间;不同性别头下斜肌表面枕大神经横截面积两侧比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)寰椎侧块处横切声像图显示椎动脉V3段呈"倒U形"绕侧块进入枕骨大孔,排除发育不良者,测V3段D为(3.52±0.39)mm、PSV及EDV分别为(43.33±9.05)、(21.87±5.86)cm/s、RI为(0.49±0.11)。结论超声是检查枕下三角及其内容物的理想方法。     

肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效观察

目的对比肺部超声引导下胸部物理治疗与单纯胸部物理治疗对机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效,探讨肺部超声在ARDS胸部物理治疗中的应用价值。方法选取在我院行机械通气的ARDS患者104例,根据ARDS限制性保护通气策略随机分为两组,对照组52例,常规治疗加机械辅助排痰;超声组52例,常规治疗加超声引导机械辅助排痰。每组根据氧合指数再分为轻度(200 mm Hg≤氧合指数<300 mm Hg)、中度(100 mm Hg≤氧合指数<200 mm Hg)、重度(氧合指数<100 mm Hg),比较两组及不同严重程度患者治疗前、治疗24 h和48 h后血气分析、肺超声评分。结果治疗过程期间提前脱机11例,死亡6例;最终纳入87例,其中对照组45例(轻度14例、中度23例、重度8例),超声组42例(轻度16例、中度19例、重度7例)。对照组与超声组治疗前氧合指数和肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义;对照组和超声组治疗48 h后氧合指数明显上升,超声评分明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组中度患者治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),两组轻度和重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h肺超声评分比较差异均无统计学意义。两组中度患者治疗后24 h氧合指数比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后48 h后氧合指数比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组轻度及重度患者间治疗后24 h和48 h氧合指数比较差异均无统计学意义。氧合指数与肺部超声评分呈负相关(r=-0.510,P<0.01)。结论与单纯胸部物理治疗比较,超声引导下胸部物理治疗有助于改善部分ARDS患者氧合指数和肺超声评分,具有潜在临床应用价值。     

孕前超重及肥胖女性孕中期子宫-胎盘血流动力学的变化

目的探讨孕前超重及肥胖女性孕中期子宫-胎盘血流动力学及胎儿生长发育指标的变化。 方法回顾性选取2019年6月至2020年9月在唐都医院进行产前检查并行胎儿超声心动图检查的孕妇127例。依据孕前体质量指数（BMI）将孕妇分为正常对照组55例、超重组45例和肥胖组27例。对3组孕妇的一般资料、子宫-胎盘血流、胎儿生物学测量指标和大脑中动脉、脐动脉血流进行比较分析。 结果与正常组孕妇相比，超重组及肥胖组孕妇双侧子宫动脉收缩期峰值血流速度（Vs）、舒张期峰值血流速度（Vd）及搏动指数（PI）均升高，3组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05），其中肥胖组孕妇双侧子宫动脉PI较超重组升高（P均＜0.05）。与正常组比较，肥胖组和超重组胎儿脐动脉游离段血流速度不同程度减低，3组比较差异均有统计学意义（Vs：F值=4.41，P=0.01；Vd：F值=4.03，P=0.02）；进一步两两比较，超重组与正常组Vd比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；肥胖组与正常组Vs比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论孕前超重及肥胖女性孕中期子宫-胎盘循环血流动力学已经出现明显改变，应用超声实时监测这些参数变化对指导临床合理控制孕期体重，避免或减少相关并发症有潜在价值。