Management of sagittal craniosynostosis: morphological comparison of eight surgical techniques

The aim of this study was to carry out a retrospective multicentre study comparing the morphological outcome of 8 techniques used for the management of sagittal synostosis versus a large cohort of control patients. Computed tomographic (CT) images were obtained from children CT-scanned for non-craniosynostosis related events (n = 241) and SS patients at preoperative and postoperative follow-up stages (n = 101). No significant difference in morphological outcomes was observed between the techniques considered in this study. However, the majority of techniques showed a tendency for relapse. Further, the more invasive procedures at older ages seem to lead to larger intracranial volume compared to less invasive techniques at younger ages. This study can be a first step towards future multicentre studies, comparing surgical results and offering a possibility for objective benchmarking of outcomes between methods and centres.     

Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown.

颅内动脉夹层的发病机制、影像学特点和自然病程

颅内动脉夹层相比颅外动脉夹层较少见，且临床表现缺乏特异性，既可以表现为缺血性 事件，也可以表现为出血性事件，多发生于年轻人。由于夹层发生部位、形成时机以及病变严重程度 不同，临床表现各种各样，影像学对于确诊动脉夹层至关重要。颅内动脉夹层易复发，且死亡率较高， 除无症状或症状轻微的患者给予保守治疗或随访观察外，对于症状较重或进展性动脉夹层患者，应 给予积极治疗，包括血管内治疗。     

Tratamiento neuroendoscópico de quistes aracnoideos en edad pediátrica. Resultados de una serie de 20 pacientes

IntroductionNeuroendoscopy has become an effective and safe treatment for arachnoid cysts in the paediatric population. We review the paediatric patients with arachnoid cysts treated by neuroendoscopy in our hospital and analyse the results.Material and methodsA retrospective analysis of 20 patients operated on from 2005 to 2018. The variables assessed are: gender, age, clinical presentation, cyst site, presence of hydrocephalus and/or extra-axial collections, endoscopic procedures and complications. Procedure success is defined as an improvement in symptoms and reduction in cyst size until end of follow-up.ResultsOur series comprised 13 males and 7 females (mean age: 64.6 months, range: 4–172 months). The most frequent site was suprasellar-prepontine (7), followed by intraventricular (6), quadrigeminal (3), interhemispheric (2) and Sylvian (2).A total of 70% (14/20) of patients had hydrocephalus at diagnosis, which increased to 85% in suprasellar-prepontine cysts and 100% in quadrigeminal cysts. Only 4/14 patients with required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (median age at diagnosis: 12.5 months). Of these 4 patients, 3 developed severe shunt overdrainage.The procedure was successful in 60% (12/20) of the patients in the series. Success by location was 57% (4/7) in suprasellar cysts, 33% (1/3) in quadrigeminal cysts, 66% (4/6) in intraventricular cysts, 100% (2/2) in interhemispheric cysts and 50% (1/2) in Sylvian cysts. Treatment thus failed in 8 cases, with a mean time to failure of 12.12 months (range: 0-45 months). A new neuroendoscopic procedure was performed in 4 of these 8 cases (success in 2/4), a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed in 2 cases, a cystoperitoneal shunt was placed in 1 case and the remaining case was managed conservatively. Mean follow-up time was 52.45 months (range: 3-129 months).ConclusionsNeuroendoscopy is an effective and safe treatment for arachnoid cysts in paediatric patients that also enables managing associated hydrocephalus in most cases. The choice of neuroendoscopic procedure and success rate depend on cyst location. Younger patients have been found to have a higher shunt dependency rate. In these cases, measures to prevent shunt overdrainage are recommended.     

破裂前交通动脉瘤术后患者认知功能及预后的临床研究

目的研究破裂前交通动脉瘤手术治疗后患者的认知功能及预后情况。 方法回顾性分析山西医科大学第一医院神经外科自2015年3月至2017年6月连续收治的94例破裂前交通动脉瘤患者的临床资料，应用认知功能电话问卷修订版及工具性日常生活能力量表、改良Rankin量表评价术后患者的认知功能及预后。采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析术后患者认知功能与预后的影响因素。 结果67例患者完成了术后认知功能及预后的随访评价。单因素分析：Hunt-Hess分级、文化程度是术后患者认知功能的影响因素（P<0.05）；Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级、年龄、文化程度是患者预后的影响因素（P<0.05）。进一步行多因素分析，高文化程度是术后患者认知功能的独立影响因素（OR=0.073，95%CI：0.008~0.638，P=0.018）。 结论高文化程度是术后患者认知功能的独立影响因素，且是保护因素。     

颅内动脉瘤介入术后脑缺血并发症的相关因素分析

目的分析诱发颅内动脉瘤介入术后脑缺血并发症的因素。方法回顾性分析本院2010年1月～2018年12月35例颅内动脉瘤介入术后脑缺血并发症的患者的临床资料,记为A组;另回顾性分析同时间段41例颅内动脉瘤介入术后未并发脑缺血并发症的患者的临床资料,记为B组。归纳脑缺血并发症的可能影响因素,对比A组与B组差异,并进行Logistic多元回归分析。结果两组患者性别、年龄、病程时间、动脉瘤位置、糖尿病史、蛛网膜下腔出血病史、脑梗死或短暂性脑缺血发作病史、饮酒史、颅内血管狭窄、治疗策略、支架类型、Raymond分级相比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05),高血压病史、吸烟史、动脉瘤直径和最大径相比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05); Logistic回归分析结果提示,高血压、吸烟、动脉瘤最大径 10 mm为颅内动脉瘤介入术后脑缺血并发症的独立风险因素(P 0. 05)。结论高血压、吸烟、动脉瘤最大径 10 mm为颅内动脉瘤介入术后脑缺血并发症的独立危险因素。     

颅内深静脉血栓形成的临床诊治

目的　探讨颅内深静脉血栓形成（deep cerebral venous thrombosis，DCVT）的临床诊断与治疗策略。 方法　回顾性分析10年来影像学诊断为DCVT的5例患者的临床表现、影像学特征、治疗及预后情况。 结果　DCVT最常累及Rosenthal基底静脉、大脑内静脉、Galen静脉和直窦，其临床表现不典型，常见有头痛、意识障碍、复视、偏瘫等，常见诱发因素有口服避孕药、产褥期、妊娠期等。丘脑水肿为DCVT患者最常见的影像学征象。肝素抗凝治疗简单有效，大脑深静脉可恢复再通，临床症状缓解。 结论　DCVT患者临床症状缺乏特异性，早期诊断困难，特殊成像技术和特定影像学特征有助于其明确诊断，及时正确的抗凝治疗可获得良好的预后。     

脑白质疏松与老年急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者症状性颅内出血及功能预后的关系研究

目的 探讨脑白质疏松与老年急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者症状性颅内出血（symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage，sICH）及功能预后的关系。 方法 纳入2016年1月1日-2018年12月31日连续就诊于北京怀柔医院的老年急性脑梗死静脉溶栓 患者。根据入院头颅CT，采用改良Van Swieten量表进行脑白质疏松分级。应用多因素Logistic回归模型， 分析脑白质疏松与溶栓后24 h sICH和3个月不良功能预后（mRS＞2分）的关系。 结果 共纳入125例患者，平均年龄73.2±8.4岁，男性84例（67.2%），有脑白质疏松82例（65.6%）。 有脑白质疏松、无脑白质疏松患者溶栓后24 h sICH发生率分别为12.2%（10/82）、4.7%（2/43）， P =0.298；3个月不良功能预后比例分别为70.7%（58/82）、34.9%（15/43），P ＜0.001。多因素 Logistic回归分析显示，脑白质疏松与老年急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者24 h sICH不相关（OR 0.320， 95%CI 0.056～1.846，P =0.203）；与3个月不良功能预后独立相关（OR 4.392，95%CI 1.514～12.744， P =0.006）。 结论 脑白质疏松症与老年急性脑梗死静脉溶栓患者sICH不相关，但与静脉溶栓治疗后3个月不良 功能预后独立相关。     

基于TCD脑血流频谱评估颅脑损伤患者颅内压的研究进展

经颅多普勒（TCD）可以动态无创地监测和评估脑血管血流动力学变化，而颅内压（ICP）是评估颅脑损伤患者颅内病情的重要指标。临床工作中一直在探索一种准确、方便的无创ICP监测方法，由于TCD具有床旁无创、低廉快捷的优势，并且通过TCD检测脑血流频谱还可间接评估ICP变化，对临床治疗有重要的指导意义。本文综合国内外研究，结合ICP监测技术和TCD技术，并整合既往文献中基于搏动指数建立ICP评估模型的公式方法，就TCD脑血流频谱评估ICP的研究进展作一综述。