微创治疗方法在输尿管上段结石中应用进展

输尿管上段结石为临床中常见泌尿系结石类型之一,如不能及时诊治,可引起重度积水、泌尿系感染,甚至脓毒血症,对患者肾功能、健康造成严重影响。随着微创治疗技术在泌尿系结石中应用,微创治疗方法能降低对患者造成治疗性创伤,降低相关并发症发生率,促进患者康复,了解临床中微创治疗输尿管上段结石方法,对临床中合理治疗输尿管上段结石有重要价值。     

Mirror movements in progressive hemifacial atrophy

Mirror movements are simultaneous, involuntary, identical movements occurring during contralateral voluntary movements. These movements are considered as soft neurologic signs seen uncommonly in clinical practice. The mirror movements are described in various neurological disorders which include parkinsonism, cranio veretebral junction anamolies, and hemiplegic cerebral palsy. These movements are intriguing and can pose significant disability. However, no such observation regarding mirror movements in progressive hemifacial atrophy have been reported previously. We are reporting a teenage girl suffering from progressive hemifacial atrophy and epilepsy with demonstrable mirror movements in hand.     

Did We Get Sensorimotor Adaptation Wrong? Implicit Adaptation as Direct Policy Updating Rather than Forward-Model-Based Learning

The human motor system can rapidly adapt its motor output in response to errors. The prevailing theory of this process posits that the motor system adapts an internal forward model that predicts the consequences of outgoing motor commands and uses this forward model to plan future movements. However, despite clear evidence that adaptive forward models exist and are used to help track the state of the body, there is no definitive evidence that such models are used in movement planning. An alternative to the forward-model-based theory of adaptation is that movements are generated based on a learned policy that is adjusted over time by movement errors directly (“direct policy learning”). This learning mechanism could act in parallel with, but independent of, any updates to a predictive forward model. Forward-model-based learning and direct policy learning generate very similar predictions about behavior in conventional adaptation paradigms. However, across three experiments with human participants (N = 47, 26 female), we show that these mechanisms can be dissociated based on the properties of implicit adaptation under mirror-reversed visual feedback. Although mirror reversal is an extreme perturbation, it still elicits implicit adaptation; however, this adaptation acts to amplify rather than to reduce errors. We show that the pattern of this adaptation over time and across targets is consistent with direct policy learning but not forward-model-based learning. Our findings suggest that the forward-model-based theory of adaptation needs to be re-examined and that direct policy learning provides a more plausible explanation of implicit adaptation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability of our brain to adapt movements in response to error is one of the most widely studied phenomena in motor learning. Yet, we still do not know the process by which errors eventually result in adaptation. It is known that the brain maintains and updates an internal forward model, which predicts the consequences of motor commands, and the prevailing theory of motor adaptation posits that this updated forward model is responsible for trial-by-trial adaptive changes. Here, we question this view and show instead that adaptation is better explained by a simpler process whereby motor output is directly adjusted by task errors. Our findings cast doubt on long-held beliefs about adaptation.     

Hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortical volume is associated with overnight declarative memory consolidation independent of specific sleep oscillations

The current study was designed to further clarify the influence of brain morphology, sleep oscillatory activity and age on memory consolidation. Specifically, we hypothesized, that a smaller volume of hippocampus, parahippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex negatively impacts declarative, but not procedural, memory consolidation. Explorative analyses were conducted to demonstrate whether a decrease in slow‐wave activity negatively impacts declarative memory consolidation, and whether these factors mediate age effects on memory consolidation. Thirty‐eight healthy participants underwent an acquisition session in the evening and a retrieval session in the morning after night‐time sleep with polysomnographic monitoring. Declarative memory was assessed with the paired‐associate word list task, while procedural memory was tested using the mirror‐tracing task. All participants underwent high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Participants with smaller hippocampal, parahippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex volumes displayed a reduced overnight declarative, but not procedural memory consolidation. Mediation analyses showed significant age effects on overnight declarative memory consolidation, but no significant mediation effects of brain morphology on this association. Further mediation analyses showed that the effects of age and brain morphology on overnight declarative memory consolidation were not mediated by polysomnographic variables or sleep electroencephalogram spectral power variables. Thus, the results suggest that the association between age, specific brain area volume and overnight memory consolidation is highly relevant, but does not necessarily depend on slow‐wave sleep as previously conceptualized.     

Right aortic arch with mirror image branching accompanied by absent pulmonary valve syndrome and tricuspid stenosis: Prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of an unusual congenital heart defect

Right aortic arch (RAA) with mirror image branching (RAMI) accompanied by absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS), tricuspid stenosis, and hypoplastic right ventricle is an extremely rare combination of congenital heart anomalies. This combination might result in severe cardiac failure and respiratory compromise, indicating a poor prognosis. Here, we describe a detailed prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of RAMI accompanied by APVS and tricuspid stenosis. These anomalies were further confirmed by autopsy. This case could be helpful in improving our understanding of this abnormal combination and the development of an early therapeutic strategy.     

镜像运动的研究进展

镜像运动作为一种异常运动现象,可见于脑卒中及帕金森氏病,它的存在对于康复预后有何种影响尚有争论。近年来已有人利用镜像运动的研究成果对卒中后患者进行双侧运动训练并已取得初步效果。     

2种方法治疗良性前列腺增生并电切镜进镜困难患者的比较

比较2种方法在治疗良性前列腺增生（BPH）行经尿道前列腺等离子电切术中电切镜置入困难患者的临床疗效。选择2007年9月至2014年1月曲靖市第二人民医院泌尿外科收治的BPH患者行经尿道前列腺等离子电切术中发现电切镜进镜困难患者90例,随机分成观察组和对照组,每组45例。观察组采用去除外鞘电切术联合耻骨上膀胱微穿刺负压引流治疗,对照组采用扩张尿道和（或）尿道外口剖开,再置入电切镜行电切术治疗。2组手术均取得成功,平均手术时间、出血量无显著性差异（P＞0。05）,观察组术后平均住院时间、继发尿道狭窄的发生率均小于对照组（分别为P＜0.05、P＜0.01）。去除外鞘电切术联合耻骨上膀胱微穿刺负压引流在治疗BPH并电切镜进镜困难患者可降低术后继发尿道狭窄发生率,减少术后住院时间,临床疗效较好。     

镜像视觉反馈疗法在脑卒中早期偏瘫患者上肢训练中的应用

【】 目的：观察镜像视觉反馈疗法对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的影响。方法：将28例符合条件的脑卒中后偏瘫患者,按照随机数字法原则,分为治疗组(14例)和对照组(14例)。所有患者均接受传统的康复训练。治疗组用镜像视觉反馈疗法,对照组采用常规作业疗法,训练时间均为30min／次,1次／天, 6天／周,持续6周。采用简式Fugl-Meyer量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)和香港手功能评估(FTHUE-HK)分别于治疗前及治疗6周后进行上肢及手功能评估。结果：治疗6周后,两组患者的上肢及手功能均得到提高(P<0.01);治疗组患者的FMA-UE和FTHUE-HK评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：镜像视觉反馈疗法能有效提高脑卒中早期偏瘫患者上肢运动功能。     

动作观察疗法对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨动作观察疗法对亚急性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响。方法:将31例脑卒中患者按随机数字表法分为观察组(16例)和对照组(15例)。对照组采用常规康复治疗,观察组在对照组基础上辅以动作观察疗法,每周6次,每次20min,共治疗4周。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后对两组患者采用上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法(FMA)并使用量角器对肩关节前屈、肘关节伸展和腕背伸主动活动度进行测量,以评定患者的上肢运动功能;并分别检测治疗前后FMA与肩关节前屈、肘关节伸展和腕背伸主动活动度之间的相关性。结果:治疗前,两组患者的FMA评分及肩关节前屈、肘关节伸展和腕背伸主动活动度评定差异无显著性意义(P0.05);治疗4周后,两组患者上述指标较治疗前均有所改善(P0.05),且与对照组相比,观察组的FMA评分(44.81±8.86)、肩关节前屈(150.88°±21.32°)、肘关节伸展(135.56°±17.22°)主动活动度的改善程度显著(P0.05);两组患者,除治疗后的对照组FMA评分与肩关节主动前屈活动度、FMA评分与肘关节主动伸展活动度不相关(P0.05)外,其余FMA评分均与肩关节主动前屈活动度、肘关节主动伸展活动度及腕主动背伸活动度之间存在正相关性(P0.05)。结论:基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法可改善亚急性期脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能,且FMA与肩关节前屈、肘关节伸展和腕背伸主动活动度存在相关性。