Gastrostomy tubes: Fundamentals,periprocedural considerations,and best practices

Gastrostomy tube placement is a procedure that achieves enteral access for nutrition, decompression, and medication administration. Preprocedural evaluation and selection of patients is necessary to provide optimal benefit and reduce the risk of adverse events (AEs). Appropriate indications, contraindications, ethical considerations, and comorbidities of patients referred for gastrostomy placement should be weighed and balanced. Additionally, endoscopist should consider either a transoral or transabdominal approach is appropriate, and radiologic or surgical gastrostomy tube placement is needed. However, medical history, physical examination, and imaging prior to the procedure should be considered to tailor the appropriate approach and reduce the risk of AEs.     

低出生体质量儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的影响因素及手术疗效分析

目的 探讨低出生体质量儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的影响因素、手术疗效与预后。 方法 以2006年1月至2015年12月收治的146例低出生体质量NEC患儿为病例组,另采用随机数字表法选取同期在新生儿重症监护室(NICU) 住院治疗的146例非NEC低出生体质量儿为对照组。分析两组患儿的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素分析探讨NEC的影响因素,并分析NEC患儿中手术组与保守治疗组疗效的差异。 结果 多因素logistic回归分析显示,母乳喂养与喂服益生菌为NEC的保护性因素,先天性心脏病、败血症与输血是NEC的危险因素。手术组的好转率(95.45%)明显高于保守治疗组(85.00%)(P<0.05)。 结论 低出生体质量儿NEC的发病受多种因素影响,应针对其影响因素进行综合干预。适合的手术疗法能提高疗效,改善患儿的预后。     

直肠癌患者预防性肠造口还纳术后短期肛门功能情况评估

目的评估接受预防性肠造口直肠癌患者术后短期肛门功能恢复情况,为长期预后提供依据。方法采用Weber、Vaizey、Pescatori、AMS四种肛门功能评估量表对19例患者首次手术及还纳术后3个月的肛门功能进行评估,评估术后肛门功能恢复情况。结果不同年龄、性别、肿瘤分期的患者其术后肛门功能量表得分无明显差异,四种量表评分结果具有统计学正相关性。1例患者接受永久性造口,其余18例患者术后3个月Weber、Vaizey、Pescatori、AMS量表得分高于首次手术之前,其中Wexner量表得分（3．39±1．03与0．44±0．20,P：0．011）,气体（Z=－3．742,P〈0．001）、液体（Z=－4．085,P〈0．001）和固体失禁（Z=－2．000,P=0．046）得分均较术前升高,提示患者还纳术后3个月的肛门功能较首次手术前差;而衬垫使用（P=0．344）及生活方式改变（P＝0．144）差异无统计学意义,说明患者术后的生活方式并未受到明显影响。结论接受预防性造口的直肠癌患者肛门功能较术前有一定程度的下降,但是患者生活方式并未发生明显改变,肛门功能仍在可接受范围内。     

生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中的应用

目的探讨生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中的应用价值。 方法回顾分析2017年5月10日至2019年9月30日中山大学附属第六医院,应用生物补片（SIS）在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳术中进行一期修补的22例患者的临床资料,观察造口部位切口疝（SSIH）的发生率及术后疼痛、血清肿、补片感染等并发症发生率。 结果所有手术均顺利完成,Onlay修补16例,Sublay修补6例。仅1例（4.5%）出现SSIH（Onlay修补）,术后疼痛以轻-中度为主,1周内基本回复正常,无血清肿、补片感染病例。Onlay与Sublay修补在SSIH发生率和其他并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义。 结论应用生物补片在合并造口旁疝的肠造口还纳手术中加强筋膜缺损,在不明显增加手术并发症的情况下能显著降低SSIH的发生率,是一安全、有效的方法。     

Intestinal T-cell lymphomas:A retrospective analysis of 68 cases in China

AIM:To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of intestinal T-cell lymphomas(ITCL)by retrospective analysis.METHODS:Sixty-eight patients who were diagnosed with ITCL in case reports in the Chinese literature were compiled and reviewed.Age,gender,CD56 expression,surgical management,multifocal nature,perforation and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy were analyzed as the prognostic factors.The Kaplan-Meier method was adopted for the univariate analysis and the cumulative survival curve analysis.RESULTS:The male-to-female ratio was 1.52 to 1.The median age was 41.7 years.Twenty-seven patients had symptoms of abdominal pain or diarrhea.Thirty-six of60 patients with temperature records had high fevers at the onset of the illness.Twenty-six of 34 patients who underwent fiberoptic colonoscopy were misdiagnosed with Crohn’s disease,intestinal tuberculosis or cancer.Sixty-one patients underwent surgery.Twelve of 61 surgical patients required a second operation for anastomotic leakage or secondary perforation.The sites of lesion involvement were the jejunum(8.82%),ileum(29.41%),ileum and colon(4.41%),colon(55.88%)and appendix(1.47%).The median cumulative survival rate was 3 mo(3.00±0.48).CONCLUSION:Efforts should be made to correctly diagnose ITCL and select the proper operative approach that may reduce serious complications and create opportunities for further treatment.     

腹腔镜腹膜外乙状结肠造口的制作及应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下腹膜外乙状结肠造口的安全性和可行性。方法前瞻性入组2011年7月至2012年7月间南京中医药大学第三附属医院肛肠中心收治的36例行腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术的低位直肠癌患者,按随机数字表法分为腹膜内造口组和腹膜外造口组,每组18例。术后随访4～16（中位7）月,比较两组患者造口并发症情况。结果腹膜外造口组1例患者因乙状结肠近端拖出后肠壁血供障碍而改行腹膜内造口,故后续的分析中予以剔除。腹膜外造口组手术时间[（25．3±8．5）min]稍长于腹膜内造口组[（14．7±6．4）min],但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组各有1例术后早期（4周以内）出现造口缺血,均行造口重建手术;腹膜外造口组术后造口水肿发生率明显高于腹膜内造口组[35．3％（6／17）比0,P〈O．05];两组术后早期总并发症发生率差异无统计学意义[58．8％（10／17）比27．8％（5／18）,P〉O．05]。腹膜外造口组后期（超过4周）未出现并发症;腹膜内造口组出现1例造口脱垂、1例造口狭窄和2例造口旁疝,并发症发生率为22．2％（4／18）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜腹膜外乙状结肠造口操作并不比腹膜内造口复杂。且其后期造口并发症明显少于腹膜内造口。     

Enterostomy Site Hernias: A Clinical and Computerized Tomographic Evaluation

Purpose Parastomal hernia continues to be an important clinical problem with a reported incidence of up to 50 percent. In studies using computerized tomography in selected cases for detection of parastomal hernia, physical examination alone was underestimating the true incidence. Also after closure of the enterostomy, the ostomy site could still be a potential area of herniation. In this study in addition to physical examination, we used computerized tomography to determine the true incidence of parastomal hernia and ostomy closure site hernias. Methods We examined patients with enterostomies and with closed enterostomy sites both with physical examination and computerized tomography for the detection of hernias, hernia content, and relation to rectus muscles. Risk factors for hernia formation, such as age, gender, body mass index, associated medical problems, and surgical site infections, were determined. Results Evaluation of 23 patients with ostomies resulted in 52 percent incidence of parastomal hernia, whereas the addition of tomography examination gave a corrected incidence of 78 percent. In a second subset of 23 patients with closed ostomies, although 26 percent of the patients were found to have ostomy site hernias with physical examination alone, this incidence increased to 48 percent when combined with computerized tomography. The potential risk factors for hernia formation, such as body mass index, surgical site infection, and ostomy site whether pararectus or transrectus, were not proven to have a significant role in this study. Conclusions Parastomal hernia and closed ostomy site incisional hernias have a high incidence, and computerized tomography has been shown to be a valuable diagnostic tool. Presented in part in Turkish at the Turkish National Hernia Congress, Nevşehir, Turkey, May 18 to 21 2005. Reprints are not available.     

预防吻合口瘘的研究现状与进展

吻合口瘘是低位直肠癌癌前切除术的严重并发症,有着较高的发病率和病死率.近年来,许多方法被用来降低吻合口瘘的发病率,本文查阅了PudMed以及万方数据库,聚焦于预防吻合口瘘的方法及对策,主要有:保护性造口、盲肠置管造口术、经肛肠腔减压术、管腔内旁路技术、无需回纳预防性造瘘术,每种方法各有优劣.截止到目前,传统的保护性造口应用较为广泛,其他方法的优势均缺少高水平实验的证据支持,但是,无需回纳预防性造瘘术可以完全转流粪便,不需二次手术回纳造口,初步显示效果良好,值得进一步研究.     

5例同种异体小肠移植术后移植肠造口的护理

总结了5例同种异体小肠移植术后移植肠造口的护理经验。注重肠造口局部管理,包括对早期移植肠存活、蠕动、分泌等功能的观察;在进行肠镜病理学观察时做好准备和配合工作;加强肠内营养时肠造口的管理,包括对后期移植肠消化、吸收功能及排斥反应的观察。5例患者全部存活,移植肠造口血运良好,颜色红润,且未发生移植肠造口周围皮肤破溃等并发症,患者逐步恢复经口正常饮食。     

肠内营养在高龄多器官功能障碍综合征患者中的应用

目的 探讨不同途径营养支持治疗对高龄多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者脏器功能恢复及预后的影响.方法 将确诊为MODS高龄患者85例随机分组为2组,肠内营养组43例,通过鼻饲管或内镜下经皮胃/肠造瘘术(PEG/PEJ)给予营养支持,全胃肠外营养组(对照组)42例,经中心静脉治疗,总疗程至少2个月;比较两组患者治疗前后体质指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肝肾功能、电解质、血糖、血脂、血清白蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TRF)及前白蛋白(PA)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+,CD4+、CD4+/CD8+)等指标.结果 在摄入同等热量和氮量的条件下,两组患者血Hb、BMI、血清ALB、TRF及PA水平在营养支持治疗后第1个月(t1EN=2.672、2.440、2.209、3.331和5.025,t1TPN=2.720、2.337、2.179、3.418和2.221)、第2个月(t2EN =2.279、3.021、2.337、3.005和5.779,t2TPN=2.118、2.956、3.018、3.310和2.119)较治疗前均有明显改善(均为P＜0.05),肠内营养组PA水平较对照组变化更明显(t=2.336,P＜0.05).对照组治疗后第1、2个月都出现高脂血症(t1TPN=3.609,P＜0.05;t2TPN =3.114,P＜0.05).肠内营养组治疗第1、2个月后血IgG、IgA较治疗前均明显升高(t1 EN=2.664、2.437,P＜0.05;t2 EN=2.983、3.005,P＜0.05),血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平在治疗2个月后改变明显(t=2.399、3.478、2.579和3.995,P＜0.05),IgM于治疗后第2个月有明显升高(t=3.886,P＜0.05).肠内营养组中34例PEG/PEJ术前反复发生吸入性肺炎,术后2个月内仅发生5例(x2=51.12,P＜0.05);术后2个月反流性食管炎发生率减少、严重程度较术前明显减轻(x2=13.53,P＜0.05).结论 及时、充分的胃肠内营养支持治疗,可有效改善高龄MODS患者全身状况及营养;PEG/PEJ术可减少因鼻饲管引发的吸入性肺炎和反流性食管炎的发生.