口内反光镜专用清洗篮筐的制作及应用

目的 针对口内反光镜清洗消毒存在的不足,自行研发口内反光镜专用清洗篮筐,探讨其应用后的清洗消毒效果。方法 选取全新大号口内反光镜480件,随机分成2组,每组各240件,临床上依次使用后统一送消毒供应中心进行机械热力清洗消毒,实验组采用自制的口内反光镜专用清洗篮筐装载清洗消毒,对照组采用普通清洗篮筐装载清洗消毒,比较两组目测清洗合格率、三磷酸腺苷生物荧光阳性率、划痕率、装载量等指标。结果 实验组目测清洗合格率为97.91%,对照组为80.41%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ ²=38.045,P<0.001）。实验组三磷酸腺苷生物荧光测试阳性率为0.84%,对照组为18.75%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ ²=43.611,P<0.001）。第1次清洗消毒后,实验组划痕率为0.42%,对照组为15.00%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ ²=35.813,P<0.001）。第2次清洗消毒后,实验组划痕率仍为0.42%,对照组为26.67%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ ²=70.625,P<0.001）。实验组一次最多可装载120件口内反光镜,对照组一次只能装载9件口内反光镜。结论 在机械热力清洗消毒口内反光镜时采用口内反光镜专用清洗装载篮筐,可以明显提高清洗消毒质量及装载量,同时有效减少划痕。     

全程质控管理对提高消毒供应室护理管理质量、预防医院感染的作用

目的探讨消毒供应室采用全程质控管理模式进行干预对护理管理质量以及预防医院感染的影响作用。方法于该院2017年1-12月期间内接收的患者中选取117例作为对照组,此期间消毒供应室未实施全程质控管理。另于该院2018年1-12月期间内接收的患者中选取105例作为观察组,此期间消毒供应室实施全程质控管理。对比两组患者医院感染发生率以及消毒供应室满意率,并观察手术科室对消毒供应室工作人员工作质量评价情况。结果观察组医院感染发生率较对照组更低,且消毒供应室满意率较对照组更高;观察组清洗质量、器械处理、物品包装、环境监测评分较对照组均更高;差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全程质控管理可有效提高消毒供应室护理管理质量,降低医院感染事件发生率,临床实用价值较高。     

Disinfection of caries-affected dentin using potassium titanyl phosphate laser,Rose bengal and Ozonated water on shear bond strength of deciduous teeth

AimTo assess the efficacy of disinfection of caries-effected dentin (CAD) using KTP laser and different decontamination methods using ozonated water (OW), Rose Bengal photosensitizer (RBP), chlorhexidine (CHX), and Er, YAG laser on the shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesive resin bonded to deciduous teeth.Material and methodsA total of 50 extracted and radiographically verified carious primary molars were collected and scrutinized according to ICDAS criteria. Specimens were allocated randomly into five groups (n = 10) as per the type of CAD disinfectants. KTP laser, OW, RBP, CHX (control), and Er, YAG laser. After cavity sanitization, a resin adhesive (prime and bond NT) was smeared on the dentinal exterior followed by incremental composite filling. SBS evaluation was performed by employing specimens in the universal testing machine. The debonded surface was assessed under 40x magnification in a stereomicroscope to ascertain fracture mode. Statistical analysis was done by using the ANOVA and the Post Hoc Tukey multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05).ResultsThe highest SBS was exhibited by group 2 i.e., when OW was employed for CAD disinfection (10.25 ± 0.24 MPa). Whereas, the lowest SBS bond value was unveiled by samples in group 3 when RBP was applied for dentin surface sanitization (7.85 ± 0.59 MPa).CAD disinfection with KTP laser (8.25 ± 0.41 MPa), CHX (8.19 ± 0.73 MPa), and RBP displayed comparable bond values (p > 0.05).ConclusionOzonated water and Er, YAG laser could be employed as cavity disinfectants in primary teeth as they demonstrated better shear bond strength without jeopardizing the adhesive binding capacity of restorative resins bonded to caries-affected dentin.     

氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂根管消毒治疗有窦型慢性根尖周脓肿的临床观察

目的:观察氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂运用于有窦型慢性根尖周脓肿根管内封药消毒的临床效果。方法:选择在同一牙列上有二颗磨牙均患有窦型慢性根尖周脓肿的病例50例,共100颗患牙。将同一病例的二颗患牙分别设为实验组和对照组,同时进行根管治疗。实验组(50颗牙)采用氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂根管内封药消毒,对照组(50颗牙)采用氢氧化钙糊剂根管内封药消毒,对两组根管消毒效果进行临床观察和比较。结果:实验组74%(37/50)封药1次后即可行根管充填术,对照组52%(26/50)封药1次后可行根管充填术,两组间封药1次的根管充填率存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。实验组平均封药次数为1.30次,对照组平均封药次数为1.56次。结论:用氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂根管内封药消毒能够减少有窦型慢性根尖周脓肿根管封药消毒的次数,有利于窦道的尽快愈合。     

Denture disinfection by microwave irradiation: A randomized clinical study

Objective

This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of two exposure times of microwave irradiation on the disinfection of complete dentures.

Methods

Biofilm samples were collected from dentures of 30 patients, who were randomly divided into two experimental groups of 15 subjects each: Group 1—patients had their maxillary denture microwaved for 3 min (650 W); Group 2—patients had their maxillary denture microwaved for 2 min (650 W). Denture biofilm samples were taken with swabs, before (left side surfaces) and after (right side surfaces) microwave irradiation. All microbial material was plated on selective media for Candida spp., Staphylococcus spp., mutans streptococci and a non-selective media. After incubation (48 h/37 °C), the number of colony-forming units (cfu/mL) was counted. Microorganisms which grew on selective media were identified using biochemical methods. The data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn's post-test (α = 0.05).

Results

Microwave irradiation for 3 min (Group 1) resulted in sterilization of all dentures evaluated. After microwave irradiation for 2 min (Group 2), a significant decrease in Candida spp. (P = 0.0062), Staphylococcus spp. (P = 0.0178), mutans streptococci (P = 0.0047) and non-identified species (P < 0.0001) was achieved in comparison with the cfu/mL obtained before irradiation. The colonies grown after 2 min of microwave irradiation were identified as Candida albicans, non-aureus Staphylococci and Streptococcus mutans.

Conclusion

Microwave irradiation for 3 min may be a potential treatment to prevent cross-contamination.     

不同消毒剂对藻酸钾印模表面细菌消毒效果比较

目的 使用不同消毒剂浸泡消毒污染口腔印模，观察其消毒效果。方法 实验组81个试件按所染菌种分为金黄色葡萄球菌组，血液链球菌组，白色念珠菌组，每组27个试件。各菌组再按消毒剂不同分三组。每组9个试件。用250ml无菌蒸馏水冲洗后分别浸没于2％强化中性戊二醛，0．1％碘伏，0．5％次氯酸中，于5min。10min，15min各取出3个试件。阳性对照组，每组6个试件。分别染菌后3个试件冲洗，3个试件不冲。阴性对照组，每组2个试件。取印模后不染菌。各组浸于中和液中，洗下余菌。培养并计数。结果 ①冲洗可以使印模表面的附着菌数平均减少95．15％。②2％戊二醛消毒5min对三种菌的消毒效果可达100％。0．1％碘伏浸泡消毒5min对三种菌的消毒效果可达99．99％。0．5％次氯酸消毒10min可达到消毒效果。结论 ①冲洗可以部分去除印模表面附着菌。但迭不到消毒的效果，仍应对印模进行消毒处理。②2％戊二醛消毒5min，0．1％碘伏，0．5％次氯酸消毒10min对沾染白色念珠菌。金黄色葡萄球菌，血链球菌的印模可达到消毒效果。     

EXAMINATION OF GUTTA-PERCHA CONES FOR MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION DURING CHEMICAL USE

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of microbial contamination in packaged gutta-percha cones before and during use in clinical conditions.

Material and Methods:

Sealed packages of #15-40 gutta-percha cones were opened under aseptic laboratory conditions. Two gutta-percha cones from each size were randomly drawn and added to tubes containing glass beads and 750 μL of saline. The tubes were vortexed, serially diluted and samples of 250 μL were cultured on agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 3 days and colonies were counted. The initially sampled packages were distributed to 12 final year dental students. The packages were collected at the end of the first and the third clinical practice days and sampled as described above.

Results:

Baseline microbial counts did not exceed 3 CFU. At the end of the first and the third day, additional contamination was found in five and three of the packages, respectively. The ratio of contaminated packages at the first day and the third day was not significantly different (z-test; p > 0.05). The numbers of microorganisms cultured at the first day (8 ± 9.9 CFU) and the third day (4.5 ± 8.3 CFU) were not significantly different (Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p > 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the number of filled root canals and cultured microorganisms at either the first day (Spearman''s rho; r = 0.481, p = 0.113) or the third day (r = -0.034, p = 0.917).

Conclusions:

Gutta-percha cones taken directly from manufacturer''s sealed package harbored microorganisms. Clinical use of the packages has been found to be associated with additional contamination of the gutta-percha cones. The counts of cultured microorganisms did not correlate well with the number of filled root canals.     

A quantitative approach to the effectiveness of ozone against microbiota organisms colonizing toothbrushes

OBJECTIVES: Toothbrushes are rapidly contaminated with different microorganisms, which colonize the oral cavity and interdental spaces. This can represent a possible cause of infection or reinfection. In this study, the ozone experimental effect upon toothbrushes microflora was estimated microbiologically before and after saturation with ozone gas. METHODS: Fifty used toothbrushes coming from children and adults were entered our study. Microorganisms were enumerated and identified. Bristles from each brush were soaked in ozone saturated PBS solution for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min and the total microbial population was reassessed. RESULTS: Counts of microorganisms isolated per brush varied between 10(2) and 10(7) CFU. Candida albicans was present in used toothbrushes. No obligate anaerobes were isolated. Members of Streptococcaceae family were regularly found (65.2%) belonging to the following species: Streptococcus pyogenes, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sobrinus, S. viridans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, Aerococcus viridans. A. viridans and S. mutans were more frequently isolated on children toothbrushes while Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were found on adults brushes. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Enterococcus sp., were also recovered. We found that the ozone treatment decreased gradually the microbial load. However, a bacterial re-growth was effective following short ozonation period. Decontamination was complete after an extended exposure to ozone for 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: Ozone application was found to remove the toothbrushes bristles microbiota following conventional brushing. Maximum decontamination efficacy of ozone treatment was observed after 30 min while exposure for short time periods seems to be inefficient which probably reflect the low dose of ozone used in this study.     

Effect that an educational program for cystic fibrosis patients and caregivers has on the contamination of home nebulizers

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the pathogens found in home nebulizers and in respiratory samples of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and to evaluate the effect that a standardized instruction regarding cleaning and disinfection of nebulizers has on the frequency of nebulizer contamination.

METHODS:

We included 40 CF patients (22 males), all of whom used the same model of nebulizer. The median patient age was 11.2 ± 3.74 years. We collected samples from the nebulizer mouthpiece and cup, using a sterile swab moistened with sterile saline. Respiratory samples were collected by asking patients to expectorate into a sterile container or with oropharyngeal swabs after cough stimulation. Cultures were performed on selective media, and bacteria were identified by classical biochemical tests. Patients received oral and written instructions regarding the cleaning and disinfection of nebulizers. All determinations were repeated an average of two months later.

RESULTS:

Contamination of the nebulizer (any part) was detected in 23 cases (57.5%). The nebulizer mouthpiece and cup were found to be contaminated in 16 (40.0%) and 19 (47.5%), respectively. After the standardized instruction had been given, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of contaminated nebulizers (43.5%).

CONCLUSIONS:

In our sample of CF patients, nebulizer contamination was common, indicating the need for improvement in patient practices regarding the cleaning and disinfection of their nebulizers. A one-time educational intervention could have a significant positive impact.