微创性肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效及肺部影像学表现

目的探讨微创性肺表面活性物质(LISA)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的疗效及肺部影像学表现。方法择取郑州市第二人民医院于2018年3月至2021年2月收治的70例NRDS患儿,随机分为两组。对照组实行INSURE治疗方案,观察组采用LISA治疗方案,比较两组临床治疗情况、血气分析指标、不良反应事件及肺部影像学表现。结果两组二次PS使用率、给药成功率、NAPAP时间及住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而观察组72h内MV率为8.57%,低于对照组(28.57%,P<0.05);于T₂、T₃、T₄及T₅时点,两组PaO₂水平较T1时点均上升,PaCO₂、FiO₂水平则下降(P<0.05);于T₄、T₅时点,观察组FiO2水平低于对照组(P<0.05);两组不良反应及并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);经影像学特征分析,两组共计7例重度病症(“雪花征”样肺实变,已累及所有分区)、48例中度病症(“雪花征”样肺实变,尚未累及全部肺野)及15例轻度病症(呈“磨玻璃征”样肺实变,累计范围不限),经PS治疗6h、12h及24h后,给予LUS复查,两组NRDS患儿肺脏影像学评分均低于治疗前(P<0.05)。结论LISA及INSURE治疗NRDS均可起到较好疗效,但LISA整体获益更高,血气指标有一定改善,可降低72h内MV使用率,且不增加不良反应事件风险。     

慢性泪囊炎患者应用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的临床效果及对安全性的影响

目的探讨慢性泪囊炎患者应用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的临床效果及安全性。方法选取2018年1月至2019年12月因慢性泪囊炎于本院接受治疗的46例患者为研究对象,随机分为研究组与对照组,各23例。对照组接受泪囊鼻腔造口治疗,研究组取鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗,比较两组临床效果、手术指标以及并发症发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组术中出血量少于对照组,手术及住院时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);研究组并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论慢性泪囊炎患者采用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗效果显著,并发症较少,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.     

高流量鼻导管氧疗对毛细支气管炎患儿早期肠内营养相关不良事件的影响

目的:通过研究高流量鼻导管氧疗(HFNC)中毛细支气管炎患儿肠内营养相关不良事件(AEs)的发生率及对临床结果的影响,探寻HFNC治疗毛细支气管炎患儿期间,进行早期肠内营养的意义。方法:回顾性研究入住并接受HFNC的年龄≤24个月的毛细支气管炎患儿,统计分析AEs发生率、AEs发生时呼吸支持水平、PICU监护时间、HFNC使用时间、住院时间、总氧疗时间及住院总费用等情况。结果:共有64名患儿纳入研究,AEs发生率低,与HFNC的呼吸支持水平及肠内营养方式无关。早期喂养组患儿的PICU监护时间、HFNC使用时间及住院总费用均较晚期喂养组少。结论:在此次单一机构的队列研究中,AEs少见,对使用HFNC的毛细支气管炎患儿进行早期肠内营养是安全的,有利于临床结局。     

口服糖皮质激素在慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉围手术期的应用现状

鼻内镜鼻窦手术(ESS)已成为外科治疗慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)的“金标准”,鼻内镜鼻窦手术围手术期管理对手术效果有重要影响。目前口服糖皮质激素因其抗炎和免疫抑制作用已作为ESS围术期辅助用药以增强手术效果,但在其剂量剂型及疗效等方面仍存在争议。回顾近年来研究口服糖皮质激素与CRSwNP围手术期疗效的相关文献,对口服糖皮质激素在围手术期的效果及治疗策略进行综述,以求提供更多的治疗选择和研究方向。     

脑脊液漏规范化管理中国专家共识

持续的脑脊液漏会影响患者的日常生活, 还可能引起严重并发症, 增加死亡风险。围手术期预防是脑脊液漏管理的重点;此外, 脑脊液漏早期准确诊断, 选择合适的方式进行治疗是改善患者预后的关键。为此, 国内神经外科及其他相关领域的专家借鉴国内外指南及相关循证证据, 围绕脑脊液漏的诊治、预防等问题进行反复讨论, 通过改良德尔菲法征集专家建议, 形成临床共识推荐意见, 为临床医生脑脊液漏规范化管理提供科学及切实可行的指导建议。