2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群归因于被动吸烟的肺癌疾病负担研究

目的 分析重庆市肺癌发病死亡和疾病负担归因于被动吸烟的情况,为开展肺癌防治提供建议。 方法 肺癌死亡个案数据来源于2019年重庆市肿瘤登记报告系统,被动吸烟率来自2013年重庆市慢性病及危险因素监测。计算人群归因危险度百分比(population attributable risk percent, PAR%)、被动吸烟导致的肺癌发病、死亡和疾病负担。采用Excel 2010与SPSS 25.0进行统计分析,率的比较采用χ²检验。 结果 2013年30岁及以上成年人被动吸烟率为52.37%。2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率与标化发病率分别为118.44/10万与80.83/10万,死亡率与标化死亡率分别为96.51/10万、63.58/10万。肺癌发病率和死亡率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为19.76和19.04,归因发病率与归因标化发病率分别为23.41/10万和16.34/10万,归因死亡率与归因标化死亡率分别为18.38/10万和12.40/10万。2019年重庆市30岁及以上肺癌早死所致寿命损失年率(years of life lost,YLL)、残疾所致寿命损失年率(years lived with disability,YLD)、调整伤残寿命损失年率(disability adjusted life year,DALY)分别为21.16‰、0.31‰、21.47‰,YLL率、YLD率、DALY率归因于被动吸烟的PAR%分别为21.16、19.76和20.49,归因YLL率为4.34‰,归因YLD率为0.06‰,归因DALY率为4.40‰。 结论 2019年重庆市30岁及以上人群肺癌发病率、死亡率、YLL率、DALY率高,被动吸烟率高,肺癌归因于被动吸烟的疾病负担重,应加强落实控烟工作。     

抗阻呼吸训练在预防老年脑肿瘤患者术后低氧血症中的应用

目的:探讨抗阻呼吸训练对老年脑肿瘤患者术后低氧血症的预防效果。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年9月我院神经外科收治的69例老年脑肿瘤患者临床资料进行研究，根据随机抽样法将所有入组患者分为对照组34例，接受常规呼吸训练；观察组35例，接受常规呼吸训练＋个体化抗阻呼吸训练。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析，脉搏、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）等计量资料符合正态分布的采用（±s）表示，进行t检验；不符合的采用M（QR）表示，进行Mann-Whitney U检验；计量资料采用n（%）表示，行χ2检验。结果:两组患者入院时、术前、术毕及术后0.5 h、1 h、1.5 h等不同时间点脉搏搏动次数比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组患者术后各时间点的PaCO2差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；观察组患者术后各时间点的PaO2及SpO2均高于对照组患者，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组患者术后出现低氧血症的发生率明显低于对照组（8.57% vs 32.35%），差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:抗阻呼吸训练可有效预防老年脑肿瘤患者术后低氧血症的发生，降低其术后发生率。     

保留自主呼吸对于重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的影响：弊大于利

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是临床上常见的以顽固性低氧为表现的呼吸功能不全或衰竭的综合征，肺不均一性是其主要病理生理特点。传统观点认为，保留ARDS患者自主呼吸有助于改善全身氧合。但是近年来发现，对于重度ARDS患者，保留患者自主呼吸会加重肺损伤，过强的自主呼吸会导致重度ARDS患者跨肺压升高、肺内气体摆动、肺水肿加重以及人机不同步，引起患者肺内炎症加重，氧合功能恶化，最终影响患者预后，增加病死率。本文就自主呼吸对重度ARDS患者呼吸功能的影响机制展开综述。     

Sleep disorders: Serious threats among kidney transplant recipients

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients who continue to have some degree of CKD, the prevalence of sleep-related disorders is very high. Common sleep disorders in both groups include insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), restless legs syndrome (RLS), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and others. Depending on the kidney graft function, some patients see sleep disorders resolve after kidney transplantation, while others continue to have persistent sleep disorders or develop new ones. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are unique patients due to the presence of a single kidney, the use of immunosuppressive medications, and other comorbidities including obesity, a high risk of cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and the anxiety of losing their allograft. All of these factors contribute to the risk for sleep disorders. CKD and sleep disorders have a bidirectional relationship; that is, CKD may increase the risk of sleep disorders and sleep disorders may increase the risk of CKD. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of SDB and is known to alter renal hemodynamics. OSA leads to hypoxemia and sleeps fragmentation, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. This activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ultimately alters cardiovascular hemodynamics. Sleep disorders may have deleterious effects on the kidney allograft and proper screening and management are important for both graft and patient survival.     

ICU气管插管患者自主呼吸试验通过后拔管失败原因分析

目的:分析ICU气管插管患者通过自主呼吸试验后拔管失败的原因,总结经验以减少I CU气管插管拔管后48h内再插管率。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月,我院ICU收治的气管插管通过自主呼吸试验(SBT)后仍拔管失败的16例患者的临床资料。结果:吞咽功能障碍6例,精神因素3例,运动神经元病3例,声门水肿2例,格林巴利综合征1例,会厌畸形1例。结论:自主呼吸试验指导撤机存在局限性,了解撤机过程中各种失败的原因,并进行针对性预处理,可降低ICU气管插管拔管后48h内再插管率。     

心力衰竭患者甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸障碍的相关性分析

目的探讨心力衰竭患者中甲状腺功能减退者睡眠呼吸障碍的临床特征及两者的相关性。方法连续纳入2019年8~12月就诊于北京阜外医院行甲状腺功能检测及睡眠呼吸监测的182例心力衰竭患者。根据甲状腺功能检测结果分为甲状腺功能减退组45例和非甲状腺功能减退组137例。比较两组患者的睡眠呼吸监测的相关指标,多元logistic回归分析甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸障碍的相关性。结果甲状腺功能减退组女性患者比例、体重指数较非甲状腺功能减退组高(P<0.05)。两组多导睡眠监测的结果,甲状腺功能减退组睡眠平均血氧饱和度较非甲状腺功能减退组低(P=0.027)。甲状腺功能减退组睡眠低通气发生次数较非甲状腺功能减退组显著增多(P=0.01)。但甲状腺功能减退与睡眠呼吸暂停无相关性(P=0.533)。结论在心力衰竭患者中,甲状腺功能减退的患者睡眠平均血氧饱和度更低,并且夜间低通气次数更多。     

Utility of the pictorial Epworth sleepiness scale in the adult down syndrome population

Objective/BackgroundThe utility of the pictorial Epworth sleepiness scale (pESS) has been assessed by only a few studies in a clinical population. Some of its questions may be inappropriate in certain patient groups. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the pESS in the adult Down syndrome (DS) population in the United Kingdom (UK).Patients/MethodsA modified sleep questionnaire including the pESS was administered to 5430 adults with DS living in the UK. Standard statistical analysis was undertaken.ResultsOf 1105 valid responses (20.35%), the pESS was incomplete in 129 (11.67%) cases. Of the incomplete responses, “Q1. Likelihood of dozing/falling sleep while sitting and reading?” was most frequently missed (63.6% of 129 responses).ConclusionsThe pESS may not be entirely appropriate in certain populations such as those with intellectual disability where literacy levels may be low. Question modification may be necessary.Clinical trial registration numberISRCTN55685305.