Biological response to prosthetic debris

Joint arthroplasty had revolutionized the outcome of orthopaedic surgery. Extensive and collaborative work of many innovator surgeons had led to the development of durable bearing surfaces, yet no single material is considered absolutely perfect. Generation of wear debris from any part of the prosthesis is unavoidable. Implant loosening secondary to osteolysis is the most common mode of failure of arthroplasty. Osteolysis is the resultant of complex contribution of the generated wear debris and the mechanical instability of the prosthetic components. Roughly speaking, all orthopedic biomaterials may induce a universal biologic host response to generated wear débris with little specific characteristics for each material; but some debris has been shown to be more cytotoxic than others. Prosthetic wear debris induces an extensive biological cascade of adverse cellular responses, where macrophages are the main cellular type involved in this hostile inflammatory process. Macrophages cause osteolysis indirectly by releasing numerous chemotactic inflammatory mediators, and directly by resorbing bone with their membrane microstructures. The bio-reactivity of wear particles depends on two major elements: particle characteristics (size, concentration and composition) and host characteristics. While any particle type may enhance hostile cellular reaction, cytological examination demonstrated that more than 70% of the debris burden is constituted of polyethylene particles. Comprehensive understanding of the intricate process of osteolysis is of utmost importance for future development of therapeutic modalities that may delay or prevent the disease progression.     

PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路参与调控磷酸三钙磨损颗粒诱导的假体周围骨溶解

目的 探讨蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶（PERK）-真核细胞起始因子2α（eIF2α）-活化转录因子4（ATF4）介导的内质网应激通路在磷酸三钙（TCP）磨损颗粒诱导假体周围骨溶解中的作用。 方法 取雄性ICR小鼠30只,随机分为3组：假手术组（sham,n=10）、TCP磨损颗粒组（模型组,n=10）和salubrinal干预组(SAL,n=10)。采用TCP磨损颗粒诱导小鼠颅骨溶解模型,于术后第2天颅顶局部注射SAL（1 mg/kg）,每隔2 d 1次,持续干预2周。实验结束后处死动物取颅骨和外周血。Western blotting法检测TCP磨损颗粒植入部位周围骨组织中内质网应激分子伴侣葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）表达水平及PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路的活化情况;HE染色和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色观察SAL对假体周围骨溶解和破骨细胞形成的影响;Real-time PCR检测SAL对破骨细胞活化相关基因抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和 c-fos的mRNA水平;ELISA法检测SAL对血清中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和前列腺素E₂（PGE₂）水平的影响。 结果 TCP磨损颗粒可诱导假体周围骨组织发生内质网应激反应,同时激活PERK-eIF2α-ATF4信号通路,表现为TCP磨损颗粒组小鼠颅骨组织中内质网应激通路蛋白GRP78、CHOP和磷酸化PERK（p-PERK）、磷酸化eIF2α（p-eIF2α）和ATF4蛋白表达均显著上调,而PERK和eIF2α蛋白明显下调（P<0.05）;而颅顶局部注射eIF2α特异性抑制剂SAL可明显阻止TCP磨损颗粒诱导假体周围破骨细胞形成和骨溶解,减少TRAP、MMP-9和cathepsin K 的mRNA水平（P<0.05）;同时抑制TNF-α、PGE2和IL-1β等炎症因子的产生（P<0.05）。 结论 PERK-eIF2α-ATF4介导的内质网应激通路参与调控TCP磨损颗粒诱导的小鼠颅骨溶解;抑制该信号通路可减轻TCP磨损颗粒诱导的假体周围骨溶解和关节松动。     

One-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in cases with excessive tunnel osteolysis. Results of a new technique using impaction bone grafting

Background

This level IV study describes a new one-stage procedure for revision ACL reconstruction in cases with extreme tunnel widening.

Apoptotic pathways of macrophages within osteolytic interface membrane in periprosthestic osteolysis after total hip replacement

Macrophage apoptosis in interface membrane, which occurs through either death receptor, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, has been suggested to play an important role in promoting osteolysis. However, how and why macrophage apoptosis originates and the correlation among these apoptotic pathways is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to identify the apoptotic mechanism of macrophages, and to explore the relationship between the apoptotic pathways and progression of osteolysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to analyze the tissue ultrastructure of wear particles, and in situ apoptotic macrophage identification was performed by TUNEL staining. We analyzed the expression of the key biomarkers of apoptotic pathways via immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that the majority of wear particles within osteolytic interface membrane was in the 30–60 nm range, and that macrophage apoptotic ratio increased along with osteolysis progression. Normal hip dysplasia and mechanical loosening of tissues showed low expression levels of biomarkers for ER stress (Ca²⁺, JNK, cleaved Caspase‐4, IRE1‐α, Grp78/Bip, and CHOP), mitochondrion (Bcl‐2, Bax, and Cytochrome c), and death receptor (Fas and cleaved Caspase‐8) pathways, while osteolytic interface membrane tissues expressed high levels of these biomarkers. In addition, we found that the ER stress intensity was in complete conformity with mitochondrial dysfunction and was consistent with the results of death receptor activation. Thus, our findings suggested that wear particles generated at implant interface can accelerate macrophage apoptosis through changes in apoptotic pathways and ultimately aggravate the symptom of osteolysis. These data represent a preferential apoptotic signaling pathway of macrophages as specific target points for the prevention and therapeutic modulation of periprosthetic osteolysis.     

高交联聚乙烯内衬在中国年轻全髋关节置换患者中应用的6年随访结果

目的回顾性分析50岁或以下的中国年轻全髋关节置换术（THA）患者中应用高交联聚乙烯内衬的临床效果和线性磨损率。方法对本中心应用Marathon高交联聚乙烯内衬和Duraloc非骨水泥臼杯的38髋,29例THA患者的治疗结果进行了回顾性分析。通过Harris髋关节评分对临床效果进行评估。在随访期间,测量每一年的X线片,对比分析臼杯内衬的线性磨损和周围的骨溶解情况。结果患者手术时的平均年龄为（41.0±6.86）岁（29~50岁）。所有股骨假体的球头直径为28 mm。26髋应用了非骨水泥假体柄,12髋应用了骨水泥假体柄。平均随访时间（7.2±1.3）年（6~9.6年）。平均Harris髋关节评分由术前的（45.3±18.0）分（12~73分）显著提高到术后的（93.26±9.9）分（64~100分）。末次随访X线片上未见髋臼周围骨溶解改变。高交联聚乙烯内衬的第一年蠕变量为：（0.26±0.21）mm（0.01~0.91 mm）,聚乙烯内衬在术后2年的平均累积线性磨损量为：（0.31±0.19）mm（0.04~0.76 mm）,术后3年的平均累积线性磨损量为：（0.31±0.21）mm（0.07~0.93 mm）,术后4年的平均累积线性磨损量为：（0.34±0.31）mm（0.07~1.68 mm）,术后5年和6年的平均累积线性磨损量分别为：（0.38±0.22）mm（0.07~0.97 mm）和（0.38±0.25）mm（0.08~1.26 mm）。手术2年后的聚乙烯平均线性磨损率为：0.025 mm年/。结论应用于中国年青患者THA术中的高交联聚乙烯内衬具有低的线性磨损率,从而可以降低磨损和由此而引起的骨溶解的发生。Marathon高交联聚乙烯内衬材料具有满意的临床应用效果。     

Osteolysis around total knee arthroplasty: A review of pathogenetic mechanisms

Aseptic loosening and other wear-related complications are some of the most frequent late reasons for revision of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Periprosthetic osteolysis (PPOL) pre-dates aseptic loosening in many cases, indicating the clinical significance of this pathogenic mechanism. A variety of implant-, surgery- and host-related factors have been delineated to explain the development of PPOL. These factors influence the development of PPOL because of changes in mechanical stresses within the vicinity of the prosthetic device, excessive wear of the polyethylene liner, and joint fluid pressure and flow acting on the peri-implant bone. The process of aseptic loosening is initially governed by factors such as implant/limb alignment, device fixation quality and muscle coordination/strength. Later, large numbers of wear particles detached from TKA trigger and perpetuate particle disease, as highlighted by progressive growth of inflammatory/granulomatous tissue around the joint cavity. An increased accumulation of osteoclasts at the bone–implant interface, impairment of osteoblast function, mechanical stresses and increased production of joint fluid contribute to bone resorption and subsequent loosening of the implant. In addition, hypersensitivity and adverse reactions to metal debris may contribute to aseptic TKA failure, but should be determined more precisely. Patient activity level appears to be the most important factor when the long-term development of PPOL is considered. Surgical technique, implant design and material factors are the most important preventative factors, because they influence both the generation of wear debris and excessive mechanical stresses. New generations of bearing surfaces and designs for TKA should carefully address these important issues in extensive preclinical studies. Currently, there is little evidence that PPOL can be prevented by pharmacological intervention.