数字建模分析倒退旋转法在腰椎椎体单侧穿刺椎体后凸成形术的适用性

目的:利用Mimics软件建立腰椎的3D模型,使用模拟穿刺来观察倒退旋转法在腰椎椎体单侧穿刺椎体后凸成形术的适用性及进针参数。方法:选取24例全腰椎螺旋CT扫描初次胸椎骨质疏松性骨折、腰椎无异常骨质破坏的影像学资料,其中男女各12例,应用Mimics软件对原始DICOM文件进行3D建模,分离出各节段椎体,直接导入3-matic软件后约束其椎体后壁进行标准化测量后以椎弓根中点作一垂直于中切面及椎体后壁的素描图,在素描图上进行模拟穿刺,记录穿刺针可活动范围的角度参数及距离参数,记录穿刺针在最大外倾角时落在椎体中切线前、中、后区的穿越点,并进行比较分析。结果:所有数据在左右两侧差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),不同节段数据在两性差异有统计学意义(P0.05),男女性L_1-L_5最大外倾角均逐渐增大,男性从(33.41±1.31)°到(56.53±4.71)°,女性从(28.58±2.55)°到(53.86±2.68)°,所有穿越点未落在前区,其中女性26.67%落在中区,男性3.33%落在中区,A、B、C分区在性别上差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:倒退旋转法理论上均能满足椎体压缩性骨折对穿刺点的要求,其中男性及下腰椎更加适用倒退旋转法。最大外倾角的测定对倒退旋转法有指导性意义。     

改良一侧PKP联合对侧PVP与双侧PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的对比研究

目的探讨同椎体一侧经皮椎体后凸成形术 (percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP) 联合对侧经皮椎体成形术 (percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP) 对治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折 (osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs) 的临床疗效。方法选择 2018 年 5~12 月收治的 67 例胸腰椎 OCVFs 患者。其中试验组 (改良一侧 PKP 联合对侧 PVP) 31 例,对照组 (传统双侧 PKP) 36 例。统计比较两组手术时间、术前与术后疼痛视觉模拟评分 (visual analogue scale,VAS)、骨水泥注入量和渗漏率、Cobb’s 角矫正情况以及椎体前缘和中部的高度变化,分析各项指标之间的差异是否具有统计学意义。结果所有患者术后症状均得到明显缓解,均未发生严重并发症。其中,试验组手术时间 (33.35±11.34) min,术前与术后 7 天 VAS 评分分别为 (7.60±2.34) 分和 (1.95±0.63) 分,椎体前缘高度分别为 (18.78±3.07) mm 和 (28.22±4.98) mm,椎体中部高度分别为 (19.21±4.35) mm 和 (30.82±3.31) mm,Cobb’s 角分别为 (26.84±4.79) °和 (13.66±3.13) °;对照组手术时间为 (42.10±12.26) min,术前与术后 7 天 VAS 评分分别为 (7.85±1.87) 分和 (2.11±0.45) 分,椎体前缘高度分别为 (20.31±4.76) mm 和 (26.76±2.21) mm,椎体中部高度分别为 (20.88±3.16) mm 和 (29.79±1.96) mm,Cobb’s 角分别为 (25.13±3.02) °和 (13.38±1.21) °。两组椎体前缘和中部高度、Cobb’s 角、VAS 评分术后与术前比较差异均有统计学意义 (P<0.05),但所有患者两侧缘高度改善率之间差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。组间比较,试验组手术操作时间低于对照组 (P<0.05),但椎体前缘和中部高度、Cobb’s 角度、VAS 评分的恢复改善差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。共有 9 例发生骨水泥渗漏 (试验组 5 例,对照组 4 例),渗漏率差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。结论改良一侧 PKP 联合对侧 PVP 与双侧 PKP 术式均能获得良好临床疗效。同时两种术式对疼痛改善程度、伤椎的复位效果以及骨水泥渗漏率方面差异无统计学意义,但改良一侧 PKP 联合对侧 PVP 在手术操作时间上明显优于双侧 PKP 术式。     

Vertebral fracture assessment: Current research status and application in patients with kyphoplasty

Imaging of the spine is of paramount importance for the recognition of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (VFs), and standard radiography (SR) of the spine is the suggested diagnostic method but is not routinely used because of the cost and radiation exposure considerations. VF assessment (VFA) is an efficient, low radiation method for identifying VFs at the time of bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. Prediction models used to indicate the need for VFA may have little predictive power in subspecialty referral populations such as rheumatologic patients or patients who underwent kyphoplasty. Rheumatologic patients are frequently at increased risk for VFs, and VFA should be performed on an individual basis, also taking in account the guidelines for the general population. Kyphoplasty is a new minimal invasive procedure for the treatment of VFs and is being performed with increasing frequency. Following kyphoplasty, there may be a risk of new VFs in adjacent vertebrae. The assessment and follow-up of patients who underwent kyphoplasty requires repetitive X-ray imaging with the known limitations of SR. Thus, VFA may facilitate the evaluation of VFs in these patients because most of the kyphoplasty patients would fulfill the criteria. In a pilot study, we measured the BMD and performed VFA in 28 patients treated with kyphoplasty. Ratios of anterior to posterior (A/P) and middle to posterior (M/P) height were measured, and Genant’s method was used to classify vertebrae accordingly. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability for A/P, M/P and the Genant’s method were determined. Only 1 patient did not meet the criteria for VFA. Of the 364 available vertebrae, 295 could be analyzed. Most missing data (concerning 69 vertebrae) occurred in the upper thoracic region. Three of the 69 non-eligible vertebrae were lumbar vertebrae with cement leakage from the kyphoplasty procedure. In our hands, VFA was highly reproducible, demonstrating very good agreement in terms of intraobserver and interobserver reliability. Agreement was very good on the vertebral level, “vertebrae with kyphoplasty” level and “2 above and 1 below the kyphoplasty vertebrae” level. The application of Genant’s method to these patients also resulted in perfect agreement. We believe that the potential value of VFA in patients treated with kyphoplasty requires further evaluation, particularly comparing VFA with SR and performing a longitudinal follow-up. More research will help to adopt care processes that determine which patients require VFA and how often VFA should be performed, while also considering the impact of this technique on the cost of healthcare organizations.     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体裂隙周围硬化的Kümmell病

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗椎体裂隙周围硬化的Kümmell病的安全性与疗效。方法 2011年1月~2013年6月,20例骨质疏松性椎体裂隙周围硬化的Kümmell病患者在本院接受PKP治疗。术前、术后2 d及末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评估患者疼痛缓解和生活质量改善情况。测量并记录伤椎前缘相对高度和局部后凸Cobb角的矫正情况。结果本组病例随访12~36个月,平均16个月;无脊髓神经根损伤、肺栓塞等并发症发生。术前VAS评分、ODI、伤椎前缘相对高度和后凸角分别为(8.9±0.4)分、(87.5±3.5)%、(41.3±5.2)%、22.1°±1.8°,术后2 d分别为(2.2±0.6)分、(31.8±4.1)%、(71.2±4.9)%、12.6°±1.4°,末次随访时为(2.0±0.3)分、(26.1±1.3)%、(70.7±4.8)%、13.2°±1.8°,术后2 d与术前相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),末次随访与术后2 d相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKP用于治疗椎体裂隙周围硬化的Kümmell病安全、有效,能缓解疼痛、恢复椎体高度、纠正脊柱后凸畸形,可改善患者生活质量。     

单双侧椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的疗效分析

目的 对比单双侧椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性单一胸腰椎压缩骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2010-06-2013-04北京积水潭医院脊柱科诊治的PKP患者451例,分为单侧和双侧入路组.评价指标:手术时间、透视次数、骨水泥量、VAS评分、椎体高度、Cobb角及骨水泥渗漏.结果 所有患者均顺利完成手术.平均手术时间、骨水泥填充量、平均手术时间、骨水泥注射量、X线曝光时间2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组术后VAS评分、平均椎体高度、Cobb角较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组骨水泥渗漏率相似,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 单侧入路行PKP治疗骨质疏松性单椎体骨折比双侧入路具有手术时间更短、X线放射次数更少等优点,能取得经双侧入路穿刺相似的治疗效果.     

压力引导式经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨压力引导式经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗合并周壁破损的骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效及骨水泥渗漏情况。方法回顾性分析2015年9月-2018年9月采用压力引导式PKP治疗的89例合并周壁破损的OVCF患者临床资料,依据术前CT显示的椎体周壁破损部位进行分组,前壁并侧壁破损46例(A组),前壁并终板破损20例(B组),前壁、侧壁并后壁破损23例(C组)。记录所有患者术前骨密度、术中骨水泥用量、手术时间及住院时间。测量手术前后X线片上病变节段椎体前缘高度、中央高度及伤椎后凸Cobb角等参数,评估伤椎恢复情况;在术后CT上观察骨水泥渗漏情况。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评估临床疗效。结果所有手术顺利完成,患者随访3~20(11.60±5.58)个月。手术时间30~90(60.30±10.62)min,住院时间4~8(6.10±1.01)d。3组患者术后1 d和术后3个月的椎体前缘高度、椎体中央高度、伤椎后凸Cobb角、VAS评分、ODI较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组骨水泥注入量和骨水泥渗漏率组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组发生骨水泥渗漏6例,4例沿椎前渗漏,2例沿椎体侧方渗漏;B组发生2例,均沿上终板渗漏至椎间隙;C组发生3例,2例沿椎前渗漏,1例沿椎体侧方渗漏。所有患者切口均一期愈合,无骨水泥致脏器栓塞、神经根受压等并发症发生。结论压力引导式PKP治疗合并周壁破损的OVCF,临床疗效及影像学指标恢复满意,骨水泥渗漏率低,值得临床推广。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成型术治疗急性外伤性椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成型术（PKP）治疗急性外伤性椎体压缩性骨折的价值。方法回顾性分析15例接受PKP治疗的急性外伤性椎体压缩性骨折患者（共18个病变椎体）的影像学及临床资料,评价PKP的疗效。结果对15例患者均顺利完成手术,未见严重并发症。术后1周病变椎体前缘、中央、后缘高度均较术前升高,Cobb角减小（P均〈0.05）。术后1周CT检查发现骨水泥渗漏1例（1/15,6.67%）。经PKP治疗,疼痛完全缓解11例（11/15,73.33%）,部分缓解4例（4/15,26.67%）,有效率达100%（15/15）。15例患者的视觉模拟评分在术后1周、1个月、6个月及12个月分别为3.21±0.32、2.67±0.42、2.64±0.51和2.36±0.67,均较术前（8.68±0.88）明显减小（P均〈0.05）。术后6个月患者的生活自理能力评分（86.33±6.30）较术前（29.19±5.61）升高（P〈0.05）。结论 PKP是治疗急性外伤性椎体压缩性骨折的一种微创、安全、有效的方法。     

Depression of the Thoracolumbar Posterior Vertebral Body on the Estimation of Cement Leakage in Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Operations

Background:

The cross-section of thoracolumbar vertebral body is kidney-shaped with depressed posterior boundary. The anterior wall of the vertebral canal is separated from the posterior wall of the vertebral body on the lateral X-ray image. This study was designed to determine the sagittal distance between the anterior border of the vertebral canal and the posterior border of the vertebral body (DBCV) and to analyze the potential role of DBCV in the estimation of cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) or percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP).

Methods:

We retrospectively recruited 233 patients who had osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and were treated with PVP or PKP. Computed tomography images of T11–L2 normal vertebrae were measured to obtain DBCV. The distance from cement to the posterior wall of the vertebral body (DCPW) of thoracolumbar vertebrae was measured from C-arm images. The selected vertebrae were divided into two groups according to DCPW, with the fracture levels, fracture grades and leakage rates of the two groups compared. A relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to determine whether the DCPW difference can be used to estimate the degree of cement leakage. The data were processed by statistical software SPSS version 21.0 using independent sample t-test and Chi-square tests.

Results:

The maximum DBCV was 6.40 mm and the average DBCV was 3.74 ± 0.95 mm. DBCV appeared to be longer in males than in females, but the difference was not statistically significant. The average DCPW of type-B leakage vertebrae (2.59 ± 1.20 mm) was shorter than that of other vertebrae (7.83 ± 2.38 mm, P < 0.001). The leakage rate of group DCPW ≤6.40 mm was lower than that of group DCPW >6.40 mm for type-C and type-S, but much higher for type-B. ROC curve revealed that DCPW only has a predictive value for type-B leakage (area under the curve: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.95–0.99, P < 0.001), and when the cut-off value was 4.05 mm, the diagnostic sensitivity and the specificity were 94.87% and 93.02%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Depression of the thoracolumbar posterior vertebral body may be informative for the estimation of cement location on C-arm images. To reduce type-B leakage, DCPW should be made longer than DBCV on C-arm images for safety during PVP or PKP.     

The Metastatic Spine Disease Multidisciplinary Working Group Algorithms

The Metastatic Spine Disease Multidisciplinary Working Group consists of medical and radiation oncologists, surgeons, and interventional radiologists from multiple comprehensive cancer centers who have developed evidence- and expert opinion-based algorithms for managing metastatic spine disease. The purpose of these algorithms is to facilitate interdisciplinary referrals by providing physicians with straightforward recommendations regarding the use of available treatment options, including emerging modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy and percutaneous tumor ablation. This consensus document details the evidence supporting the Working Group algorithms and includes illustrative cases to demonstrate how the algorithms may be applied.

Implications for Practice:

The Metastatic Spine Disease Multidisciplinary Working Group algorithms can facilitate interdisciplinary referrals by providing physicians with straightforward recommendations regarding available treatment options, including emerging modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy and percutaneous tumor ablation.     

Bone Cement Dislodgement: One of Complications Following Bone Cement Augmentation Procedures for Osteoporotic Spinal Fracture

Bone cement augmentation procedures have been getting more position as a minimally invasive surgical option for osteoporotic spinal fractures. However, complications related to these procedures have been increasingly reported. We describe a case of bone cement dislodgement following cement augmentation procedure for osteoporotic spinal fracture by reviewing the patient''s medical records, imaging results and related literatures. A 73-year-old woman suffering back and buttock pain following a fall from level ground was diagnosed as an osteoporotic fracture of the 11th thoracic spine. Percutaneous kyphoplasty was performed for this lesion. Six weeks later, the patient complained of a recurrence of back and buttock pain. Radiologic images revealed superior dislodgement of bone cement through the 11th thoracic superior endplate with destruction of the lower part of the 10th thoracic spine. Staged anterior and posterior fusion was performed. Two years postoperatively, the patient carries on with her daily living without any significant disability. Delayed bone cement dislodgement can occur as one of complications following bone cement augmentation procedure for osteoporotic spinal fracture. It might be related to the presence of intravertebral cleft, lack of interdigitation of bone cement with the surrounding trabeculae, and possible damage of endplate during ballooning procedure.