胸主动脉瘤和主动脉夹层动脉瘤外科治疗不同术式的评价

胸主动脉瘤 ,尤其是马凡氏主动脉根部瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全和主动脉夹层动脉瘤 ,起病凶险 ,死亡率高达 70 %～ 90 % ,外科治疗是当前唯一有效的治疗技术 ,但也存在一些问题 ,至今仍是对心血管外科医师的一项挑战。经过近半个世纪的努力 ,对不同部位的病变已创造了许多手术治疗方法和术式。本文将作者以往 2 0年( 1 982年 5月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月 )的临床资料进行回顾性研究 ,对过去所采用的各种基本方法和手术术式 ,从手术效果、手术的风险性、术后的并发症和中远期结果及患者生存质量等方面 ,对不同的手术方法进行评价 ,为今后优选手术提供参…     

"缘对缘"术治疗Barlow病引发的二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨"缘对缘"(edge-to-edge)技术治疗Barlow病(Barlow's disease)引起的二尖瓣关闭不全的有效性及安全性.方法2000年4月至2005年4月采用"缘对缘"术式治疗14例Barlow病病人,观察术前术后二尖瓣反流量、术后瓣口面积、左室流出道流速、跨瓣压差及心功能状态等相关指标变化.结果无围术期死亡.术中、术后1周心脏超声检查显示9例二尖瓣微量反流,5例轻度反流.术前6例左室流出道流速(116.33±5.05)cm/s,术后1周(107.17±10.23)cm/s(P＞0.05).14例随访1～60个月,平均26.8个月;无死亡及二次手术.术后二尖瓣瓣口平均面积为(3.00±0.57)cm2;跨瓣压差术前(8.13±4.49)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),术后(6.25±3.82)mmHg(P=0.050).8例二尖瓣微量反流,6例轻度反流.术后心功能均恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论"缘对缘"术是治疗Barlow病导致二尖瓣关闭不全的一种简单易行且安全有效的手术方式,但远期疗效尚需进一步观察.     

人工心脏瓣膜瓣周漏34例临床分析

目的探讨人工心脏瓣膜置换术后瓣周漏的治疗经验。方法分析1993年1月至2005年6月诊治的34例瓣周漏患者的临床资料,其中主动脉瓣位6例,二尖瓣位28例。9例行内科保守治疗,25例因明显贫血和（或）心功能衰竭（心衰）及内科治疗效果不好行外科手术治疗。手术直接修补瓣周漏漏口14例,另10例重新换瓣。结果保守治疗者中,2例在住院期死亡,死因分别为感染性休克、心衰;7例患者随访6～72个月,2例因心衰而死亡,余5例生活良好,超声心动图检查显示漏口无明显变化,心脏各房室无增大,心功能Ⅱ级。手术治疗者中,术中死亡1例,术后死亡3例（12％）;生存的21例患者术后随访4～132个月,1例二尖瓣和1例主动脉瓣瓣周漏修补术后瓣周漏复发,21例均生活质量良好,心功能Ⅱ级。结论对瓣周漏引起症状不严重,对血流动力学影响不明显,心功能良好的患者,可行内科保守治疗,定期随访。对有明显贫血和（或）心功能减退者,应尽早手术治疗。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后低氧血症相关因素分析

目的:分析非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass,OPCABG)后,低氧血症发生的相关因素并探讨预防及处理措施。方法:143例OPCABG患者,术后发生低氧血症40例,对低氧血症患者的年龄、体质量、术前心功能状态、不良习惯、手术时间、术中输液量、尿量、出血量、术中及术后输血量与非低氧血症患者之间,进行相关危险因素分析。结果:低氧血症患者与非低氧血症患者之间,在体质量、术前是否吸烟、手术时间、术中输液量及术后输血量之间,存在明显差异,所有低氧血症患者,在应用利尿、抗感染、呼吸末正压通气、延长机械通气时间治疗后好转,未出现死亡病例。结论:OPCABG术后,低氧血症易发生在体质量大、术前抽烟、手术时间长及术中输液量多的患者,应用抗感染、利尿、加用呼吸末正压等治疗后可纠正低氧血症。     

骨髓移植诱导临床心脏移植后供者特异性免疫耐受方案的探讨

目的 探讨骨髓移植诱导临床心脏移植后供者特异性免疫耐受的可行性.方法 采取供心的同时采用改良"灌流法"获取供者的骨髓350 ml,经过滤及离心处理后,加入细胞冷冻保护液共80ml,分装于低温冻存袋,经程序降温,置于-80℃冰箱中保存.在常规原位心脏移植术后40 d,取冻存骨髓快速复温,穿刺受者双侧髂后上嵴,立即行骨髓腔内骨髓细胞输注(IBM-BMT),共输注单核细胞1.2×107/kg,CD34+细胞2.38×105/kg.骨髓输注前3 d行预处理,包括应用氟达拉滨、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白及全身淋巴结照射.骨髓移植后静脉应用他克莫司(Tac),维持血Tac浓度谷值在10～20μg/L;3周后改为口服Tac+吗替麦考酚酯(MMF);6周后改为环孢素A及MMF.分别于心脏移植后2、4、8和12周采集受者外周血,分别于术后4、8和12周采集受者的骨髓,应用短串联重复序列-聚合酶链反应法检测供者嵌合体.心脏移植后每周行心肌内心电图检查,每月行心肌活检1次.术后3个月,取受者及第三者外周血单核细胞,行混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR).结果心脏移植后1、2及3个月时受者的外周血及髂骨内骨髓细胞中供者来源的细胞比例分别为26.3%、19.1%、4.8%和46.3%、24.4%、7.6%.IBM-BMT后心肌内心电图监测显示心肌阻抗及R波波幅无明显变化.术后3个月行心内膜心肌活检,未见排斥反应征象.术后3个月时行超声心动图检查,提示心脏舒张、收缩功能良好.MLR提示受者对供者特异性刺激呈现低反应性,而对第三者仍保持良好的免疫活性(P＜0.01).结论 采取分期骨髓移植免疫耐受诱导方案可安全、有效地建立嵌合体,成功诱导心脏移植后供者特异性免疫耐受,但远期效果有待进一步研究.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate a new strategy of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for donor-specific tolerance induction after heart transplantation. Methods Donor bone marrow cells (BMCs)were harvested simultaneously with donor cardiac graft using modified perfusion method (PM) ,then stored in a -80 ℃ refrigerator after filtration and centrifugation. Whole BMCs (IBM-BMT) (monocytes 1.2 ×107/kg,CD34+ cells 2.38× 105/kg) in host iliac bones were injected into the bone marrow cavity 40 days after heart transplantation. Preconditoning regimens that consisted of fludarabine, antithymoctye globin and total lymphoid irradiation were performed 3 days before BMT. Tacrolimus (Tac) was administrated intravenously after BMT or orally in conjunction with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 3 weeks later.Cyclosporine and MMF were orally administrated 6 weeks later. Donor chimerism was detected using short tandem repeats-polymerase chain reaction in monocytes from peripheral blood at the 2nd,4th, 8th or 12th week after BMT or BMCs at the 4th, 8th or 12th week after BMT. Intramyocardium electrocardiography examination or endomyocardial biopsy was performed weekly or monthly respectively. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were performed 3 months after BMT. Results Donor chimerism in monocytes in peripheral blood or BMCs in iliac bones measured at the 1 st,2nd and 3rd month after BMT was 26.3%, 19.1%,4.8% ,and 46.3%, 24.4%, 7.6%, respectively. After 3-month follow-up, there was no rejection confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy or intramyocardium electrocardiography. Echocardiography revealed that the diastolic and systolic function of the cardiac graft was maintained well 3 months after BMT. MLR revealed donor-specific hyporesponsiveness while immunocompetence was preserved to third-party antigens. Conclusion These findings indicate that the two-stage BMT strategy is a safe and feasible method for the induction of donor-specific tolerance via stable mixed chimerism and needs to be further confirmed after a long-term observation.     

经主动脉切口治疗主动脉根部瘤合并二尖瓣病变

目的 总结经主动脉切口治疗主动脉根部瘤合并二尖瓣病变的初步经验。方法 2009年3月至2010年12月,经主动脉瓣口行二尖瓣手术16例中男13例,女3例;年龄18～ 75岁,平均(40±10)岁。16例中Bentall+ MVR术12例,Bentall+ MVP术1例,Bentall+全弓置换+支架象鼻+MVP术1例,...     

常温非体外循环下全胸腹主动脉替换术

目的 总结常温非体外循环下全胸腹主动脉替换术(total thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair,tTAAAR)的手术方式和早期治疗效果.方法 2009年2月至2010年12月,共完成41例全胸腹主动脉替换术,其中27例CrawfordⅡ型胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA)患者接受常温非体外循环tTAAAR治疗.男18例,女9例;平均年龄(41.85 ±10.11)岁.手术经左侧胸腹联合切口、腹膜外入路,常温非体外循环下建立降主动脉→双侧髂动脉旁路循环,然后采用分段阻断法,重建T6～T12肋间动脉及内脏血管.结果 所有患者均完成手术,降主动脉阻断(13.78 ±3.77) min.脊髓缺血( 19.19±3.93) min,内脏缺血(25.19 ±5.88) min.1例患者术中死亡,其余患者均生存.术后永久性脊髓损伤2例,呼吸系统并发症3例.结论 中国全胸腹主动脉瘤患者应早期积极治疗,常温非体外循环下的全胸腹主动脉替换术是一种安全、有效的治疗策略.     

加与不加人工瓣环Danielson成形术矫治Ebstein畸形的比较

目的 比较应用Danielson成形术与Danielson加人工瓣环矫治Ebstein心脏畸形的效果,以确定后者在治疗Ebstein心脏畸形中的作用.方法 2006年1月1日至2009年12月31日,31例10岁以上的青少年及成年A或B型Ebstein心脏畸形患者中19例采用单纯Danielson成形术矫治(A组),12例采用Danielson成形术加人工瓣环矫治(B组),回顾分析两组临床资料及治疗效果.结果 围术期A组死亡1例(1/19例),B组无死亡,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.510).所有术后生存患者随访5～41个月,平均(23.0±18.5)个月.A组术后1年1例因中重度三尖瓣关闭不全再次行三尖瓣成形术后死亡;B组术后无晚期死亡,组间远期病死率差异无统计学意义(P =0.724).超声复查显示患者房化心室均消失;三尖瓣反流结果,A组轻度11例,中到重度7例,B组轻度2例,无中到重度,组间差异显著(P=0.026).心功能NYHA A组Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级7例;B组均为Ⅰ级,P=0.024.随访期内B组的6 min步行距离(6MWD)显著优于A组[(415±41)m对(382±46)m,P=0.047].结论 Danielson成形术加用人工瓣环矫治有助于提高A或B型Ebstein心脏畸形患者的中、远期疗效.     

人工瓣环成形术与其联合"缘对缘"瓣膜成形术治疗重度三尖瓣关闭不全

Objective To analyze whether association of edge to edge valve repair to artificial ring annuloplasty would result in better results in patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR).Methods From April,2001 to May,2010,41 patients underwent tricuspid valve repair to treat severe TR were studied.Twenty-one patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty alone (group R) and twenty patients were done artificial ring annuloplasty associated with edge to edge valve repair ( group E).All the patients received echocardiography before surgery,before discharge and in mid and long-term follow-up.The ratio between TR jet area (TRA) and right atrial area (RAA) was used to quantitatively evaluate the seriousness of TR.Movement of tricuspid valve leaflets,tricuspid valve orifice area,pulmonary artery pressure ( PAP),left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) were obserbed to evaluate heart function.Results At discharge in group R,no or trivial TR was presented in 7 patients,mild TR in 12 patients and moderate TR in 2 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild and moderate TR.While in group E,no or trivial TR was presented in 13 patients and mild TR in 7 patients.The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 100 months[average (54.8 ±26.7) months].In group R,no or trivial TR was present in 5 patients,mild TR in 11 patients,moderate TR in 4 patients and severe in 1 patient.Bad apposition of the free edges of anterior and septal leaflets was observed in paients with mild to severe TR.Redo tricuspid valve repair was done in one patient in group R for recurrent severe TR and the edge-to-edge valve repair was utilized.In group E,no tricuspid stenosis was found.No or trivial TR was presented in 10 patients,mild TR in 9 patients and moderate TR in 1 patient.The ratio of TRA/RAA of group R was significantly higher than that of group E (0.25 ±0.16 vs.0.13±0.10,P < 0.01).Conclusion Association of edge-to-edge valve technique to artificial ring annuloplasty was safe and effective for treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation due to bad apposition of free edges of tricuspid leaflets and dilatation of tricuspid annulus,.It could decrease the incidence of residual tricuspid regurgitation and prevent the recurrence of severe tricuspid regurgitation.     

慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的手术治疗(一)——慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的可手术性判断

慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压( chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)是严重威胁患者健康的疾病.平均肺动脉压大于50 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的CTEPH患者2～3年自然生存率仅为30％～50％,其生存期中位数为2.8年[1-3].肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术( pulmonary thromboendarterectomy,PTE)治疗CTEPH可取得理想的效果,大大提升CTEPH患者的生存年限,减轻症状,提高生活质量.但并不是所有CTEPH都适合于PTE手术治疗,不适合者只能选择药物治疗[4].