我国安宁疗护存在的问题与对策研究

安宁疗护是为已无治愈性治疗可能的终末期患者提供舒缓服务,使其有尊严地走完人生最后一程。我国老龄化和恶性疾病高发等问题引发了大量的安宁疗护需求,然而我国长期对"优逝"的忽视造成了死亡质量排名靠后,因此加快发展安宁疗护事业既紧迫又必要。文章梳理了我国安宁疗护的发展现状,总结了当前的试点情况和已经出台的相关政策,从观念、资金、团队、法律保障等方面揭示了我国安宁疗护当前遇到的问题,继而提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

血清脯肽酶与慢性肝病

本文通过肝纤维化动物模型、临床应用及与血清透明酸(HA)和前胶原Ⅱ(PC Ⅱ)水平的平行比较，进一步评价了血清脯肚酶(PLD)活性测定在慢性肝病诊断中的意义。模型显示，PLD活性变化与肝纤维化平均积分(Mf)呈“剪刀差”改变。6周前PLD活性随Mf增加而升高，6周后Mf继续增加而PLD活性逐渐降至正常，提示PLD主要是反映肝纤维化进展，并不反映肝纤维量的多少。慢性活动性肝炎和代偿期肝硬变患者的PLD升高最明显，显著高于慢性迁延性肝炎和失代偿期肝硬变患者。PLD活性与HA及PCⅡ水平呈显著正相关。同时从胶原蛋白合成和降解角度研究胶原蛋白代谢，能更准确地反映肝纤维化的进展情况。     

雌激素替代治疗对绝经后妇女血管内皮舒张功能的影响

为了探讨雌激素抗动脉粥样硬化和降低冠心病发病危险的机制 ,采用无创性高分辨超声法观察雌激素替代治疗对绝经后妇女血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响 ,于治疗前后测量血清雌二醇、一氧化氮和血脂水平。结果发现 ,绝经后妇女较绝经前妇女血清雌二醇和一氧化氮下降 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,肱动脉血流介导的舒张反应较绝经前明显下降 (3.84 %± 2 .18%比 10 .0 5 %± 3.18% ,P <0 .0 0 1) ;短期雌激素替代治疗后雌二醇和一氧化氮水平较治疗前极显著升高 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,肱动脉血流介导的舒张反应也显著改善 (9.16 %± 3.0 2 % ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而雌激素替代治疗并未使血脂发生明显改善 (P >0 .0 5 )。相关分析发现肱动脉血流介导的舒张反应与雌二醇和一氧化氮呈正相关(r值分别为 0 .5 6 4和 0 .72 9,P <0 .0 0 1) ,与总胆固醇呈负相关 (r为 - 0 .36 9,P <0 .0 5 )。结果提示短期雌激素替代治疗可明显改善绝经后妇女内皮依赖性舒血管功能障碍 ,且与血脂的改善无关 ,可能与雌激素的直接血管保护作用有关。     

纳米粒子载反义单核细胞趋化蛋白-1基因局部定位转染抑制兔颈动脉内膜损伤后内膜增生的研究

目的 观察纳米粒子包载反义单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）基因局部腔内转染对兔颈动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的影响。方法 采用球囊导管损伤动脉内膜的方法建立兔颈动脉球囊损伤模型。用纳米粒子包载反义MCP-1基因。采用保留灌注的方法进行局部腔内定位转染。结果 聚合酶联反应检测发现重组基因整合，RNANorthern杂交观察到转基因治疗组有反义MCP-1基因表达，内源性MCP-1基因的表达受抑制，转基因治疗组内膜/中膜面积比降低42%。结论 纳米粒子可以作为转基因载体。反义MCP-1基因的表达能够有效抑制球囊损伤后新生内膜的增生。     

盐酸吉西他滨治疗23例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效观察

目的观察吉西他滨单药治疗老年晚期肺癌的疗效、临床受益反应(CBR)及毒副反应。方法23例ⅢB～Ⅳ期老年非小细胞肺癌患者采用吉西他滨1000mg/m2,第1,8天静滴,每21天为1周期。按WHO标准评估疗效及毒副反应,同时评估CBR指标。结果PR6例,NC12例,PD5例,有效率26.1%,CBR为91.3%。毒副反应轻,老年患者也能耐受。结论采用吉西他滨单药治疗疗效好、低毒、安全,可作为老年晚期肺癌患者的一线治疗方案。     

体外循环下血浆儿茶酚胺的动态变化

为观察体外循环下心脏直视手术过程中血浆儿茶酚胺的变化以及不同年龄及麻醉方法对其影响,测定了两组用不同麻醉方案的患者血浆儿茶酚胺。结果表明,体外循环过程中,血浆儿茶酚胺呈进行性升高。年龄之间差别不显著,药物之间以芬太尼复合吗啡麻醉组在不同时期的血浆儿茶酚胺显著高于芬太尼麻醉组。血浆儿茶酚胺与动脉平均压呈正相关。     

圆锥动脉干畸形与染色体22q11.2微缺失之间的关系

染色体22q11.2微缺失综合征患儿中约80％合并有先天性心血管畸形.研究发现,染色体22q11.2区内基因(TBX1、CRKL、ERK2)参与染色体22q11.2微缺失的发生.合并染色体22q11.2微缺失最常见的心血管畸形是圆锥动脉干畸形,包括法洛四联症、室间隔缺损型肺动脉闭锁、永存动脉干以及主动脉弓中断.主要表型...     

与先天性心脏病相关的NUSS术

目的 探讨同期治疗合并先天性心脏病(先心)的漏斗胸及先心术后漏斗胸应用NUSS术的方法及可行性.方法 统计我院2006年7月至2010年6月与先心相关的漏斗胸15例,A组8例合并先心的漏斗胸患儿在同期行心脏手术和NUSS术,其中男5例,女3例,年龄4岁～13岁4个月(平均6岁1个月).其中4例行室间隔缺损经胸伞封术,2例行房间隔缺损经胸伞封术,1例在体外循环下行室间隔缺损修补术,1例在体外循环下行右室双腔矫治及室间隔缺损修补术.B组7例均为先心术后的漏斗胸行NUSS术,其中男5例,女2例,先心手术年龄6个月～3岁10个月(平均1岁9个月),NUSS术年龄4岁7个月～8岁(平均6岁2个月),6例为体外循环下室间隔缺损修补术后,1例为体外循环下法乐四联症矫治术后.术后常规放置有心包纵隔和/或胸腔引流管.结果 所有患儿手术顺利,A组术后5～14 h拔除气管插管,平均(8.8±2.6)h.B组术后4～8 h拔除气管插管,平均(5.9±1.2)h,48～72 h拔除心包纵隔或胸腔引流管.无手术死亡、大出血及胸腔脏器损伤等并发症.术后检查先心矫治效果良好,肺复张良好.术后两组各出现1例切口延期愈合,经治疗后,均顺利出院.随访6个月～4年效果良好.结论 NUSS术用于治疗先心术后漏斗胸以及同期治疗合并先心的漏斗胸安全可行,可有效降低或避免二次手术的难度及风险.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical outcomes of combining corrective surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) and NUSS surgery for pectus excavatum (PE) as one-staged operation. Methods From July 2006 to June 2010, 15 children with CHD associated with PE were recruited in this study, and divided into two groups: group A underwent one-staged and group B with twostaged operation. Group A had 8 patients including 5 males and 3 females, aging from 4 to 13.4 years (mean, 6 years and 1 month). Among the 8 patients, 6 with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and 2with atrial septal defect (ASD) underwent interventional or open repair. After the corrective surgery for their CHD, the 8 patients underwent NUSS procedure for pectus excavatum. The group B had 7patients, including 5 males and 2 females. Among them, 6 had VSD and 1 had tetralogy of fallot (TOF). At the first stage, the patients underwent corrective surgery to repair VSD and TOF under CPB. At the second stage, the patients were performed NUSS surgery to correct PE. Their ages at surgery were 4 years and 7 months to 8 years old (mean, 6 years and 2 months). Results All operations were finished successfully. The endotracheal tube was removed 5 to 14 hours after surgery on Group A patients (mean, 8.75 ± 2.59 h), and 4 to 8 hours on Group B patients (mean, 5.86 ±1. 24 h). The drainage tubes of pericardium, mediastinal or chest were removed 48 to 72 h later after surgery. The patients were followed up for 6 months to 4 years. No surgery-related death, hemorrhage, thoracic organ dysfunction and other severe complications were noted. Delayed wound healing was observed on 1 patient in each group. Others recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital. Conclusions It is safe to combine corrective surgery for CHD and NUSS procedure for PE as one stage operation.     

评价多重连接探针扩增法诊断染色体22q11.2微缺失结果研究

目的 对多重连接探针扩增(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)诊断染色体22q11.2微缺失结果进行评价.方法 应用MLPA及荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)两种方法分别检测了32份儿童(男16例,女16例;年龄1～13岁,平均3.6±3.1岁)血样本,其中16例为染色体22q11.2微缺失患儿组(阳性对照组),16名为体检正常儿童组(阴性对照组).采用灵敏度、特异度及Kappa分析来评估结果.结果 MLPA检测32份样本中,16例阳性对照样本均有染色体22q11.2微缺失,且缺失片段长度约3-Mb;16名对照样本中未发现22号染色体缺失.FISH证实16例22q11.2微缺失患儿均存在缺失,16名对照样本不存在缺失.因此,MLPA诊断染色体22q11.2微缺失的灵敏度及特异度高.结论 MLPA是一种快速、可靠、高通量及相对经济的诊断染色体22q11.2微缺失的有效方法,弥补了FISH技术的不足,可用于临床实验室快速诊断染色体22q11.2微缺失,具有较高的临床诊断价值.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay detection in analysis of chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion. Methods Between March 2008 and September 2009, thirty-two patients including 10 males and 16 females aged between years (3.6±3.1) were selected and evaluated by history, physical examination and medical records. Of these patients, sixteen patients who were previous diagnostic as 22q11.2 microdeletion were in positive control group, the other 16 healthy children were in negative control group. All the patients were detected by MLPA and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the presence of a 22q1 1.2 microdeletion after informed consent. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed by sensitivity, specificity and Kappa analysis. Results We have applied the two assays of detection of chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion in 32 patients. Sixteen patients in positive control group were found to have a 22q11. 2 deletion and, with the deletion size of 3-Mb. However, as expected,chromosome 22q11.2 deletion was not found in negative control group. The MLPA results were in good agreement with that by FISH. Therefore, MLPA has high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion MLPA is a rapid, reliable, high-throughput and relatively economical alternative to FISH technology for the diagnosis of 22q11.2 microdeletion. It can provide reliable and helpful information for clinical diagnosis of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome.     

人工肝血浆置换联合胆红素吸附治疗对重症肝炎患者炎症因子的影响

目的探讨人工肝血浆置换联合胆红素吸附治疗对重症肝炎患者炎症因子水平的影响。方法收集2011年8月-2013年9月对符合重症肝炎诊断标准的70例患者实施人工肝血浆置换联合胆红素吸附治疗;实施治疗前、后采用ELISA法检测患者血液炎症因子水平变化,采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计分析。结果治疗存活率为68.6℅;治疗结束时肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)水平为(39.53±17.43)pg/ml,白介素-6(IL-6)水平为(34.37±13.65)pg/ml,干扰素(IFNγ)水平为(40.79±12.51)pg/ml,均较治疗前明显下降;IL-12水平为(300.64±173.82)pg/ml,较治疗前明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗结束4d患者TNFα水平为(68.73±23.54)pg/ml,IL-6水平为(62.79±13.62)pg/ml、IL-10水平为(34.23±17.72)pg/ml、IL-12水平为(126.69±47.59)pg/ml、IFNγ水平为(49.52±17.56)pg/ml,较治疗前差异均无统计学意义。结论人工肝血浆置换联合胆红素吸附疗法能有效清除患者体内有害炎性介质,同时促进有益炎症细胞因子的产生。