Intravitreal penetration of oral pefloxacin in humans

We measured vitreous and serum levels of pefloxacin after oral administration. Twenty patients with retinal detachments undergoing vitrectomy were recruited into this study. Each patient received 400 mg pefloxacin orally 1 to 12 hours before vitrectomy. Vitreous fluid (0.1 mL) was aspirated at surgery. Vitreous levels of pefloxacin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Six hours after oral administration, an average level of 1.37 g/mL of pefloxacin was measured in the vitreous samples. These levels were well above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most organisms termed sensitive to pefloxacin. Oral administration of pefloxacin may play an important role in the prevention or management of endophthalmitis.Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service grants EY07541 and EY02377 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.     

Incidence and characteristics of acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab: a retrospective cohort study

Objective: To determine the incidence and characteristics of acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreal bevacizumab injections from a tertiary care retinal practice.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Participants: A consecutive series of patients who had received bevacizumab injections performed by a single surgeon.Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients with severe anterior chamber inflammation and (or) vitritis after bevacizumab injections.Results: A total of 693 bevacizumab injections were performed on 193 eyes of 173 patients between June 2006 and March 2008. There were a total of 9 cases of acute intraocular inflammation for an incidence of 1.30% (95% CI: 0.69%-2.47%). All patients had a worse visual acuity at the end of follow-up than on injection day. The mean loss of vision was 6.1 lines of Snellen visual acuity; one patient developed inflammation-induced glaucoma which required surgical intervention.Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab is associated with a low but significant risk of acute intraocular inflammation and may result in significant visual loss.     

Cataract surgery practice and endophthalmitis prevention by Australian and New Zealand ophthalmologists

PURPOSE: Our aim was to examine current cataract surgery practice and the methods of chemoprophylaxis used in Australia and New Zealand, and to determine if these factors were related to self-reported incidence rates of postoperative endophthalmitis. METHODS: All Fellows and trainees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists were surveyed about their cataract surgery practices and methods of chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis. Associations between self-reported incidence rates of endophthalmitis and clinical practice were examined using multivariate Poisson regression modelling. RESULTS: There were 731 respondents (81.6% of 896 surveyed) to the survey. Respondents reported a total of 162,120 cataract operations and 92 cases of endophthalmitis in 2003, a cumulative incidence of 0.057%. The self-reported incidence of endophthalmitis varied from 0.034% in Victoria to 0.56% in the Northern Territory. Topical antibiotics were used preoperatively by 46.7% compared with 97.4% postoperatively; while only 44.1% used subconjunctival antibiotics. The routine use of subconjunctival antibiotic halved the self-reported incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis (incidence rate ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.30-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Subconjunctival antibiotics may be beneficial in the prevention of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery.     

Epidemiological evaluation of intraoperative antibiosis as a protective agent against endophthalmitis after cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate risk factors for endophthalmitis after cataract surgery and to retest recent findings on the protective effect of intraoperative antibiosis and the promoting effect of the clear corneal as compared to sclerocorneal incision. DESIGN: Survey study. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred thirty-eight ophthalmosurgical centers in Germany. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Responder specific endophthalmitis incidence. RESULTS: A total of 310 (58%) questionnaires were computed resulting in an overall count of 404 356 cataract surgeries and 291 self-reported endophthalmitis cases (crude rate 0.072%). The risk of postoperative endophthalmitis for sclerocorneal versus clear corneal incisions was not significantly reduced (relative risk 0.97, 99% confidence interval 0.69-1.38). The hypothesis of a protective effect of intraocular antibiosis could be confirmed by a significantly decreased risk ratio of 0.69 (99% confidence interval 0.48-0.99) indicating a significant benefit from intraoperative intraocular antibiosis. A similar tendency was observed for an intraoperative periocular antibiosis with a significantly reduced risk ratio of 0.68 (99% confidence interval 0.49-0.96). These risk estimates had been adjusted for the size of the surgical center: a significantly reduced risk ratio of 0.70 (99% confidence interval 0.49-0.98) for postoperative endophthalmitis was observed for local centers. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas this 2001 appraisal of a survey in 1996 could not reproduce the benefit of sclerocorneal incision, the protective effect of intraoperative intraocular antibiotic prophylaxis could be confirmed. However, the results of this survey have to be interpreted with care, since it is not based on individual case information, but rather on aggregate questionnaire data.     

细菌性眼内炎106例临床观察及护理

目的 探讨眼内炎病人治疗过程中生活护理的重要意义。方法认真作好手术前的解释工作。106例眼内炎病人分为传统治疗组和传统治疗加眼内注射抗生素或／和玻璃体切除组。结果治愈率84％。获得有用视力40例,占37．7％;但仍有28例出现眼球萎缩,占27．7％;需要行眼内容切除或眼球除术8例,占16％。结论在治疗过程中要解除病人思想压力,出院后进行生活指导,避免一些意外情况发生,恢复病人生活信心有重要意义。     

外伤性眼内炎对眼免疫赦免状态的影响

目的研究外伤后眼内炎症对眼免疫赦免状态的影响。方法在Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠和新西兰白兔建立外伤性眼内炎模型。将牛血清白蛋白分别接种于受伤眼和正常眼玻璃体腔。接受附加佐剂的牛血清白蛋白免疫方案１周后,评价其诱导玻璃体腔相关免疫偏离的能力,并观察受伤眼组织病理学改变。结果眼外伤后５～７天发生中度到重度炎症反应。常规免疫组动物均出现抗原特异性迟发型超敏反应（ＤＴＨ）阳性;单纯玻璃体腔抗原接种组动物均显示ＤＴＨ阴性;受伤眼玻璃体腔抗原接种组和受伤眼玻璃体抗原接种后对侧正常眼玻璃体抗原接种组均显示ＤＴＨ阳性。结论外伤性眼内炎导致受伤眼和正常眼免疫偏离诱导的失败。眼相关免疫偏离的消失可能参与了交感性眼炎的发病过程。     

白内障摘除、人工晶体植入术后慢性眼内炎

探讨白内障摘除,人工晶体植入术后慢性眼内炎的病因,临床特点及治疗效果,方法：４例白内障摘除、人工晶体植入术后慢性眼内炎分别接受了玻璃体切除、人工晶体取出等治疗,并作微生物学检查。结果：术３例保存有用视力,１例眼球萎缩;１例自结膜囊培养出丙酸杆菌,３例微生物培养均为阴性。     

Intravitreal pefloxacin therapy in postoperative endophthalmitis

Purpose : To study the efficacy of intravitreal pefloxacin in the management of suspected bacterial endophthalmitis. Methods : Twenty eyes with suspected postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis were given an intravitreal injection of pefloxacin (200 μg in 0.1 mL). If required the injection was repeated after 24 h. The main parameters evaluated were visual acuity, response to intravitreal therapy and any complications due to intravitreal pefloxacin. Results : Fourteen eyes (70%) responded to intravitreal pefloxacin therapy alone, while an additional pars plana vitrectomy was required in six eyes (30%). Nineteen eyes retained a visual acuity of 6/60 or better at 3 months after the initiation of therapy. A retinal detachment developed in one of the eyes which received intravitreal therapy. Conclusions : Intravitreal pefloxacin may be a useful alternative therapy in bacterial endophthalmitis.     

兔玻璃体腔注射美罗培南治疗细菌性眼内炎

目的评价兔玻璃体腔注射国产美罗培南对敏感菌引起的眼内炎的疗效。方法选取健康成年日本大耳白兔24只，随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组，每组12只，分别玻璃体腔内接种金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌建立相应的眼内炎模型。待出现典型眼内炎体征时，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组再随机分为A、B组和C、D组。B、D组玻璃体腔均注射美罗培南1．25mg，A、C组分别注射万古霉素1．0mg和复达欣2．0mg作为对照。通过临床炎症评分、细菌培养阳性率、组织学检查病理评分等指标评估药物疗效。结果在两种眼内炎模型中，美罗培南用药后临床炎症评分均有显著下降，用药前后相比有统计学差异，但与万古霉素、复达欣相比无统计学差异；美罗培南用药后细菌培养阳性率在金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌眼内炎模型中分别为0和16．7％，均低于万古霉素和复达欣，与万古霉素相比差异有统计学意义；用药2周后组织学检查显示绝大多数标本视网膜组织结构基本完整，层间有不同程度变性和坏死伴炎症细胞浸润，美罗培南与万古霉素、复达欣相比其视网膜病理评分均无统计学差异。结论兔玻璃体腔注射美罗培南治疗敏感金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌引起的眼内炎，疗效分别与万古霉素、复达欣基本相当，但当眼内炎体征已明显时单次眼内用药很难完全控制炎症。     

硅油填充治疗外伤感染性眼内炎伴视网膜脱离

目的 探讨硅油填充治疗外伤性感染性眼内炎伴视网膜脱离的效果和影响因素。方法 回顾性分析1995年1月至2002年12月，我院眼科行硅油填充治疗外伤性感染性眼内炎伴视网膜脱离的16例16眼临床资料。结果 感染性眼内炎均得到控制。视网膜完全复位11眼(68．8％)，限局性视网膜脱离3眼(18．8％)，完全脱离2眼(12．5％)。术后视力光感-0．04者11眼，≥0．05者5眼。结论 应用硅油填充术能够有效地治疗外伤性感染性眼内炎伴视网膜脱离，术后并发症主要是视网膜脱离复发和增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)。