老年人髋部骨折的康复治疗

60岁以上的老人髋部骨折非常常见,治疗需较长时间的卧床,容易产生废用综合征,导致终生残疾,甚至危及生命,康复治疗是预防及治疗废用综合征的重要措施,并能使患者尽可能恢复到伤前的活动能力。作者分析了153例老人髋部骨折,男性61例,女性92例,其中股骨颈骨折72例,粗隆间骨折81例。提出了于术前、术后及出院后家庭康复治疗的具体方法。按出院后1年患者活动能力的恢复,关节功能情况,分优、良、可、差四级评定,优良共121例,占83.4％。作者强调了康复治疗的必要性和可行性。     

防旋股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年人股骨转子间骨折

2009年1月～2011年6月,我科采用防旋股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)治疗28例老年股骨转子间骨折患者,临床疗效满意。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组28例,男16例,女12例,年龄66～80岁。按Evans-Jen-son标准:ⅡA型13例,ⅡB型9例,Ⅲ型     

锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效

目的 探讨锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效.方法 采用切开复位锁定接骨板内固定治疗26例老年肱骨近端骨折患者.结果 26例均获随访,时间6个月～2年.患者全部获得骨性愈合.未出现切口感染、骨不连及内固定物断裂等并发症.肩关节功能按照Neer评分标准:优17例,良7例,可2例.结论 肱骨近端锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折,损伤小、固定可靠,可提供早期功能锻炼、术后功能恢复好,近期疗效满意.     

水冲核小切口老年性白内障摘除术临床观察98例

目的 探讨水冲核技术在老年性白内障摘除术中的临床治疗效果. 方法 回顾性分析2008年6月～2011年6月间我院收治的98例(98眼)老年性白内障患者,根据其手术方式分为两组,观察组58例,采取水冲核非超声乳化手术;对照组40例,采用传统手法小切口非超声乳化手术,分析其治疗过程及预后. 结果 98例(98眼)术后视力均有不同程度提高,术后3个月内的最佳裸眼视力0.5以上者,观察组47例(81.0％),对照组27例(67.5％),P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.最佳裸眼视力1.0以上者,观察组12例(20.7％),对照组3例(7.5％),P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.术后散光观察组平均为(1.04±0.10)D,对照组平均为(1.21±0.11)D,术后观察组和对照组的角膜平均散光度数的比较,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.观察组的角膜平均散光度数手术前后差异无显著性;对照组的角膜平均散光度数手术前后差异有统计学意义. 结论 水冲核白内障手术对角膜内皮的损伤较小、恢复较快,优于常规法,值得在临床中推广.     

Oral hygiene care for residents with dementia: a literature review

AIM: This paper presents a literature review of oral hygiene care for adults with dementia in residential aged care facilities, including evidence for: (1) prevalence, incidence, experiences and increments of oral diseases; (2) use of assessment tools to evaluate residents' oral health; (3) preventive oral hygiene care strategies; and (4) provision of dental treatment. BACKGROUND: The impact of dementia on residential care is ever-increasing and regular oral hygiene care provision is challenging for cognitively impaired residents. Although an abundance of oral hygiene care recommendations for older people have been published, the supporting evidence has not been clearly delineated. METHODS: A review was conducted of English language publications (1980-2002), using a two-step approach (keyword electronic database search, supplemented with secondary search of cited references). All 306 selected articles were critically reviewed and systematically categorized. RESULTS: Evidence confirmed clinicians' observations of poor oral health in older residents with dementia. Possible risk factors identified were: salivary dysfunction, polypharmacy, medical conditions, swallowing and dietary problems, functional dependence, oral hygiene care assistance and poor use of dental care. One comprehensive, reliable and validated oral assessment screening tool for residents with dementia had been published. Expert opinion indicated that oral assessment screening by staff and a dentist would be ideal at admission and regularly thereafter. Clinicians and researchers suggested that oral hygiene care strategies were effective in preventing oral diseases and appropriate for residents with dementia. CONCLUSION: These literature review findings supported the use of oral assessment screening tools by staff and efficacious preventive oral hygiene care strategies/products for adults with dementia in residential care facilities. Further research with this population is needed to develop and validate oral assessment tools and staff education programmes, trial preventive oral hygiene care strategies/products and trial dementia-focused behaviour management and communication strategies.     

Timed Up and Go test is not useful as a discharge risk screening tool

Objective: To determine whether the ‘Timed Up and Go’ (TUG) test is a useful test for predicting re‐attendance at an ED, emergency hospital admission or death within 90 days in elderly patients discharged from the ED. Methods: This was a prospective blinded cohort study at a tertiary referral ED. Patients completed a TUG test during their Allied Health assessment prior to discharge from the department. After 90 days, patient ED attendances, emergency admissions to hospital or deaths were recorded and confirmed by phone. Data were analysed using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (OR) or log‐transformation and Pearson analysis. Results: One hundred patients were enrolled: 78 (78%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 70–86%) patients remained event free, 22 (22%, 95% CI 14–30%) patients re‐attended an ED and 15 (15%, 95% CI 8–22%) were admitted to hospital as an emergency admission. There was no significant difference between TUG test times and whether patients re‐attended an ED (OR 1.0 [0.93–1.06]P = 0.9) or were admitted to hospital (OR 0.99 [0.91–1.07]P = 0.74). There was no significant correlation between a patient's TUG test time and the number of days to ED re‐attendance (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.38 [?0.04 to 0.69]P = 0.08) or admission (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.32 [?0.23 to 0.71]P = 0.25). Conclusion: This study did not detect any predictive value of the TUG test for ED re‐attendance or hospital admission within 90 days of discharge among aged ED patients.     

北京市通州区2010-2013年0～6岁儿童贫血状况分析

目的了解北京市通州区0~6岁儿童贫血状况及其变化趋势,探讨儿童贫血的防治办法。方法收集北京市通州区2010-2013年儿童保健年报表,对报表中贫血相关数据进行统计分析。结果通州区0~6岁儿童贫血患病率自2010年3.87%下降至2013年2.81%,呈逐年下降趋势。儿童贫血患病均以轻度为主(90%以上),0~2岁儿童患病率四年来均高于3~6岁儿童。结论 0~2岁儿童是通州区防治儿童贫血的重点人群,应采取综合措施预防儿童贫血的发生。     

58例足月小样儿12月龄神经发育和气质分析

目的探讨12月龄足月小样儿神经发育和气质特点,为早期干预提供理论依据。方法采用0~6岁发育筛查测验DST和1~3岁儿童气质量表,对58例12月龄足月小样儿和80例正常足月儿进行对照研究,比较两组发育商(DQ)、智力指数MI和在运动、社会适应、智力能区及气质维度和分型的差异。结果 1)足月小样儿组DQ值可疑的婴儿比例高于正常足月儿组(P0.05),DQ值中等的婴儿比例、智力能区、MI均值低于正常足月儿组(P0.05)。2)足月小样儿组的中间偏易养型构成比低于正常足月儿组(P0.05),足月小样儿组的活动水平维度得分低于正常足月儿组,规律性、趋避性维度得分高于正常足月儿组(P0.05)。结论 12月龄足月小样儿神经发育落后于正常足月儿,有独特的气质特点,应及早干预。     

Learning From No-Fault Treatment Injury Claims to Improve the Safety of Older Patients

New Zealand’s treatment injury compensation claims data set provides an uncommon no-fault perspective of patient safety incidents. Analysis of primary care claims data confirmed medication as the leading threat to the safety of older patients in primary care and drew particular attention to the threat posed by antibiotics. For most injuries there was no suggestion of error. The no-fault perspective reveals the greatest threat to the safety of older patients in primary care to be, not error, but the risk posed by treatment itself. To improve patients’ safety, in addition to reducing error, clinicians need to reduce patients’ exposure to treatment risk, where appropriate.