中国城市化进程与人群呼吸系统常见疾病病死率的相关性分析

目的探讨中国城市化进程与人群呼吸系统常见疾病病死率的相关性。方法从国家统计数据库检索2003—2009年中国具有代表性的城市化经济指标,筛选出最可能对呼吸系统疾病产生影响的10项指标（工业总产值,能源消费总量,民用汽车总量,铁路营业及民航航线里程,卷烟、纸板、水泥和塑料总产量,商品房销售面积）。从《中国卫生统计年鉴》筛选2003—2009年呼吸系统常见疾病的病死率。采用Spearman秩相关分析,计算出该10项指标与呼吸系统常见疾病病死率的相关系数。结果该10项指标水平、城市居民肺炎、尘肺病死率都随时间增长而增加,慢性下呼吸道疾病及呼吸系统的其它疾病病死率随时间增长而下降。该10项指标与城市肺炎、尘肺呈正相关（rs〉0,P〈0．05）,而与慢性下呼吸道疾病及呼吸系统的其它疾病病死率呈负相关,无统计学意义（rs〈0,P〉0．05）。按城市级别分层,10项指标仅与大城市肺炎、尘肺显著相关（rs〉0,P〈0．05）,与中小城市肺炎、尘肺的相关性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论城市化进程可能是中国城市居民肺炎、尘肺病死率增加的原因之一。     

Association between blood cadmium and vitamin D levels in the Yangtze Plain of China in the context of rapid urbanization

BackgroundChina has experienced rapid urbanization in the past 30 years. We aimed to report blood cadmium level (BCL) in the rapidly urbanized Yangtze Plain of China, and explore the association between BCL and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).MethodsOur data source was the Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China) cross-sectional study (ChiCTR-ECS-14005052, www.chictr.org). We enrolled 3234 subjects from 12 villages in the Yangtze Plain. BCLs were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. 25(OH)D was measured with a chemiluminescence assay.ResultsA total of 2560 (79.2%) subjects were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. The median (interquartile range) BCL was 1.80 μg/L (0.60–3.42) for men and 1.40 μg/L (0.52–3.10) for women. In women, mean 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with BCL (0.401, 95% confidence interval: –0.697 to –0.105 nmol/L lower with each doubling of the BCL) after adjustment for age, educational status, current smoking, body mass index, diabetes, and season. However, there was no significant difference in 25(OH)D across the BCL tertiles for men.ConclusionsBCL in Chinese residents in the Yangtze Plain were much higher than that in developed countries. An inverse association between BCL and 25(OH)D was found in general Chinese women after multivariable adjustment. Future prospective cohort and animal studies are warranted to resolve the direction and temporality of these relationships, and to elucidate the exact mechanisms involved.     

Imperviousness as a predictor for infestation levels of container-breeding mosquitoes in a focus of dengue and Saint Louis encephalitis in Argentina

Dengue and Saint Louis encephalitis virus are among the most important emerging viruses transmitted by mosquitoes at the global scale, and from 2009 onward both diseases have reached temperate Argentina. To test whether the urbanization level can be used as a predictor for the infestation levels of container-breeding mosquito vectors, we searched for Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens in 8400 water-filled containers from 14 cemeteries of Buenos Aires Province and we used generalized linear models to relate positive containers with the impervious area quantified inside (internal PIA) and outside (external PIA) cemeteries. The best model for Ae. aegypti explained 91% of the variability and included the season, the internal PIA and the external PIA at 1 km as a quadratic function, showing a parabolic response peaking in ∼75%. Regarding the infestation levels of Cx. pipiens, the final model explained 75% of the variability and included only the season. In view of these results, the percentage of impervious area efficiently predicted the infestation levels of Ae. aegypti but not of Cx. pipiens. Considering the worldwide relevance of the former in dengue transmission, the simple quantification of imperviousness proposed herein provides a helpful basis for vector surveillance and control in urbanized areas.     

都市化与蚊媒病(English)

近年来都市化发展快速，2000年全球半数人口居住在都市。由于人为环境因素，使蚊类大量孳生，致蚊媒病在都市中流行，尤其是登革热及丝虫病。至于疟疾及日本脑炎亦逐渐在城区发生。对蚊类之防制方法，主要赖民众及社区参与，结合政府力量，清除蚊类孳生源。     

SF-36量表应用于城市化居民生命质量评价的信度和效度分析

目的 评价SF-36量表用于城市化居民生命质量评价的信度和效度,为选择合适的健康测量工具提供参考。方法 采用多阶段整群系统抽样方法,使用SF-36量表进行入户调查,利用Spearman-Brown系数和Cronbach''s α 系数评价量表分半信度和内部一致性信度,集合效度实验和区分效度实验成功率评价量表集合效度和区分效度,采用相关分析和非参数检验以自评健康状况为标准进行标准关联效度分析,结构效度评价采用基于结构方程模型的验证性因子分析。结果 SF-36量表应用于城市化居民生命质量评价具有良好的分半信度(R=0.94)和内部一致性信度(除"躯体疼痛"和"精力"维度外,Cronbach''s α 系数为0.70~0.91),量表集合效度(定标成功率为88.57%)、区分效度(定标成功率为90.61%)和准则效度(γ_s=0.56,评分与自评健康状况相一致)良好,二阶验证性因子分析模型对数据拟合度较差(拟合优度指数为0.721,调整拟合优度指数为0.682,比较拟合指数为0.731,残差均方和平方根为0.084,近似误差均方为0.098),提示结构效度欠佳。结论 SF-36量表用于城市化居民生存质量评价具有良好的信度、集合效度、区分效度和标准关联效度,但结构效度欠佳,建议在实际应用中对相应条目进行调整。     

Population-Level Configurations of Gut Mycobiome Across 6 Ethnicities in Urban and Rural China

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社会学视角下的城市化进程中精神疾病现况探析

精神病发病率与社会转型的强度呈正相关。中国城市化的快速进程，使中国的精神病状况发生了新的变化。精神疾病状况变化的主要原因是城市化快速进程引发人们的心理与文化矛盾冲突，社会支持系统破损和负性生活事件增加。建议加快《精神卫生立法》，建立完善的社会支持系统，同时加强和谐社会建设，切实改善精神疾病发生的社会环境。     

中国城市化对儿童死亡率的影响

目的:探讨中国2000～2008年各地区城市化对儿童死亡率的影响。方法:基于W.Henry Mosley&Lincoln C.Chen提出的儿童死亡率决定因素的理论分析框架,构建城市化对儿童死亡率影响的路径模型,选取2000～2008年各地区的有关统计资料,借助偏最小二乘路径模型技术(PLS path modeling)进行实证分析。结果:城市化促进了经济发展,经济发展提高了基础设施水平,改善了通信条件,加大了污染控制力度,提高了人民收入;上述因素促进了妇幼保健服务利用,降低了儿童营养不良的发生率,最终降低儿童死亡率。结论:在中国各地大力推进城市化的背景下,控制污染、提高人民收入、改善通信条件、发展文化教育事业、加强基础建设,有助于降低儿童死亡率。     

The Incidence of Hip Fracture in Four Asian Countries: The Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS)

The Asian Osteoporosis Study (AOS) is the first multicenter study to document and compare the incidence of hip fracture in four Asian countries. Hospital discharge data for the year 1997 were obtained for the Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand (Chiang Mai). The number of patients who were 50 years of age and older and who were discharged with a diagnosis of hip fracture (ICD9 820) was enumerated. The age-specific incidence rates were deduced and were directly adjusted to the US white population in 1989. The age-adjusted rates for men and women (per 100 000) are as follows: Hong Kong, 180 and 459; Singapore, 164 and 442; Malaysia, 88 and 218; Thailand, 114 and 289; compared with US White rates of 187 in men and 535 in women, published in 1989. We conclude that there is moderate variation in the incidence of hip fracture among Asian countries. The rates were highest in urbanized countries. With rapid economic development in Asia, hip fracture will prove to be a major public health challenge. Received: 14 March 2000 / Accepted: 17 October 2000