Hyperdipsia produced by severing ventral septal fiber systems.

The septum of male hooded rats (N = 59) was completely isolated from the rest of the brain (ISS) or was partially isolated by severing dorsal (DP), ventral (VP), anterior (AP), or posterior (PP) fiber tracts using a knife-cut technique. Daily water intakes and intakes following hypertonic NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PG) injections were measured. The septum totally degenerated for the ISS group and these rats had normal or hypodipsic daily intakes, likewise for intakes following NaCl and PG. Rats of the VP group sustained little septal damage, yet these cuts yielded the highest percentage (55 percent) of hyperdipsic daily drinkers of any group. The daily hyperdipsic rats drank normally in response to NaCl and PG, demonstrating a dissociation between daily drinking and drinking in response to specific thirst stimuli. The results indicate the importance of ventral fiber systems in the production of Septal Hyperdipsia, and support the notion that the septum has multiple effects upon water regulation.     

长期随访下全髋关节置换术采用不同关节界面Meta分析

目的：比较陶瓷-陶瓷（ceramic on ceramic,CoC）界面与聚乙烯-陶瓷（ceramic on polyethylene,CoP）界面在初次全髋关节置换术中的长期随访效果及并发症,提供临床依据。方法：检索PubMed、EMBase、CoChrane图书馆、Web of science、万方数据库和中国知网,检索时间2000年1月至2021年9月,筛选纳入关于比较陶瓷-陶瓷界面和聚乙烯-陶瓷界面在全髋关节置换长期疗效和并发症的随机对照试验的随机临床研究（randomized controlled trial,RCTs）,根据纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价及数据提取,采用Review Manager 5.3统计学软件对采用CoC或CoP术后关节功能、翻修、假体骨折、脱位、关节异响及假体磨损率进行统计分析。结果：纳入7个RCTs研究,其中CoC人工关节390髋,CoP人工关节384髋。CoC和CoP人工关节长期关节功能改善相近,差异无统计学意义[MD=0.63,95%CI(-1.81,3.07)],P=0.61;在术后并发症方面CoC人工关节有着较高的关节异响发生率[OR...     

长循环脂质体的研究进展及其在核医学中的应用

脂质体作为药物载体具有很多优点,但是其主动靶向性和稳定性较差,聚乙二醇或与配体连接的聚乙二醇修饰的脂质体,即长循环脂质体,具有延长脂质体在血液循环中的半衰期、提高其稳定性、改变脂质体在体内的生物学分布,赋予脂质体靶向性的优点。本文主要综述了长循环脂质体的研究进展及其在核医学中的应用。     

The voluntary correction of sodium deficiency by the rabbit

The behaviour involved in the correction of sodium deficit has been studied in wild rabbits and also laboratory bred rabbits. They were offered 0.5 M NaCl to drink. In adrenalectomized wild rabbits variable sodium deficits were produced by withdrawal of mineralocorticoid for 24-72 hr. Correction of the deficit was remarkably precise and was achieved in 9-24 hr, being slower with smaller deficits. That is, the rate of drinking was almost commensurate with the degree of body deficit. No overdrinking occurred by 24 hr. Repetition of the experiment with 24 hr deficiency and with the offer of a cafeteria of 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M KCl, 0.25 M CaCl2 and 0.25 M MgCl2 showed the increased appetite was specific for NaCl. Both wild and laboratory rabbits, adrenally intact, were made sodium deficient by the diuretic furosemide. Voluntary salt intake did not peak until 6-12 hr later reflecting the characteristic delay in the genesis of salt appetite. If presentation of salt were delayed 24 hr after furosemide, the highest rate of intake was seen immediately in both wild and laboratory rabbits, but the wild rabbits were much faster in fully correcting body deficit. Infusion of isotonic NaCl, adequate to correct the deficit, given during the third-sixth hour of access to NaCl under the 24 hr delay of presentation regime, halved salt appetite over this period, and by 9-12 hr it was abolished. Polyethylene glycol induced subcutaneous fluid sequestration, salt appetite and thirst but caused an obvious severe deterioration in the animals condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A colony procedure for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary A rapid and simple yeast transformation procedure has been developed using colonies on agar plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHY3 cells were picked up from colonies on YPD plates grown freshly or stored at 4 °C and incubated with M13RK9-T DNA at 30 °C for 1–2 h in a solution of Li⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, triacetin and polyethylene glycol. About 3,500 transformants were obtained per µg of double stranded M13RK9-T DNA. Unlike the existing spheroplast techniques, single stranded M13RK9-T DNA transformed intact cells below one-hundredth frequency of the duplex form.     

Celiac vagotomy attenuates the ingestive responses to epinephrine and hypertonic saline but not insulin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or polyethylene glycol

The ingestive responses of rats given celiac vagotomy (C), combined celiac and hepatic vagotomy (CH), or low total vagotomy (removal of all tissue from around the esophagus, stomach and duodenum; LT) were compared with sham operated controls (S) in a series of regulatory challenges. The vagotomized groups responded normally to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG; 125, 250, 500 mg/kg, IP), insulin (4, 8, 12 U/kg, IP), and polyethylene glycol (10 ml/kg: 30% w/v, SC), but displayed attenuated responses to epinephrine (40, 80, 120 micrograms/kg, IP) and hypertonic saline (10 ml/kg: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 M, IP). These results can be interpreted as evidence that the celiac vagus carries a major component of hepatic afferent innervation. Additionally, when considered with other findings they suggest that whereas the anorectic activity of epinephrine is mostly confined to the liver, 2DG hyperphagia involves stimulation of a wider population of peripheral metabolic receptors.     

Expansion of human nasal chondrocytes on macroporous microcarriers enhances redifferentiation

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair. To overcome this problem, it is expected that functional cartilage replacements can be created from expanded chondrocytes seeded in biodegradable scaffolds. Expansion of chondrocytes in two-dimensional culture systems often results in dedifferentiation. This investigation focuses on the post-expansion phenotype of human nasal chondrocytes expanded on macroporous gelatin CultiSpher G microcarriers. Redifferentiation was evaluated in vitro via pellet cultures in three different culture media. Furthermore, the chondrogenic potential of expanded cells seeded in polyethylene glycol terephthalate/ polybuthylene terephthalate (PEGT/PBT) scaffolds, cultured for 14 days in vitro, and subsequently implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, was assessed.

Chondrocytes remained viable during microcarrier culture and yielded doubling times (1.07±0.14 days) comparable to T-flask expansion (1.20±0.36 days). Safranin-O staining from pellet culture in different media demonstrated that production of GAG per cell was enhanced by microcarrier expansion. Chondrocyte–polymer constructs with cells expanded on microcarriers contained significantly more proteoglycans after subcutaneous implantation (288.5±29.2 μg) than those with T-flask-expanded cells (164.0±28.7 μg). Total collagen content was similar between the two groups.

This study suggests that macroporous gelatin microcarriers are effective matrices for nasal chondrocyte expansion, while maintaining the ability of chondrocyte differentiation. Although the exact mechanism by which chondrocyte redifferentiation is induced through microcarrier expansion has not yet been elucidated, this technique shows promise for cartilage tissue engineering approaches.     

聚乙二醇电解质散剂联合乳果糖口服液治疗老年性便秘的疗效观察

目的探讨复方聚乙二醇电解质散(IV)联合乳果糖口服溶液治疗老年性便秘的临床疗效。方法选取2010年12月—2016年1月内江市第一人民医院收治的老年性便秘患者82例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各41例。对照组口服乳果糖口服溶液,15 m L/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗基础上口服复方聚乙二醇电解质散(IV),取本品A、B两剂各一包,同溶于125 m L温水中成溶液,开始时1次/d,必要时2次/d,或遵医嘱。两组均连续治疗4周。观察两组的临床疗效,同时比较两组治疗前后症状积分的变化情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为87.80%、95.12%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者排便程度评分、粪便性状评分、排便时间评分均显著降低,同组治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且治疗组这些评分的降低程度优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论复方聚乙二醇电解质散(IV)联合乳果糖口服溶液治疗老年性便秘具有较好的临床疗效,可明显改善临床症状,安全性较为可靠,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

Case studies putting the decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping) into practice

Case studies covering carbonaceous nanomaterials, metal oxide and metal sulphate nanomaterials, amorphous silica and organic pigments were performed to assess the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping). The usefulness of the DF4nanoGrouping for nanomaterial hazard assessment was confirmed. In two tiers that rely exclusively on non-animal test methods followed by a third tier, if necessary, in which data from rat short-term inhalation studies are evaluated, nanomaterials are assigned to one of four main groups (MGs). The DF4nanoGrouping proved efficient in sorting out nanomaterials that could undergo hazard assessment without further testing. These are soluble nanomaterials (MG1) whose further hazard assessment should rely on read-across to the dissolved materials, high aspect-ratio nanomaterials (MG2) which could be assessed according to their potential fibre toxicity and passive nanomaterials (MG3) that only elicit effects under pulmonary overload conditions. Thereby, the DF4nanoGrouping allows identifying active nanomaterials (MG4) that merit in-depth investigations, and it provides a solid rationale for their sub-grouping to specify the further information needs. Finally, the evaluated case study materials may be used as source nanomaterials in future read-across applications. Overall, the DF4nanoGrouping is a hazard assessment strategy that strictly uses animals as a last resort.