Smoking practices in New York City: The use of a population-based survey to guide policy-making and programming

To inform New York City’s (NYC’s) tobacco control program, we identified the neighborhoods with the highest smoking rates, estimated the burden of second-band smoke exposure, assessed the early response to state taxation, and examined cessation practices. We used a stratified random design to conduct a digit-dialed telephone survey in 2002 among 9,674 New York City adults. Our main outcome measures included prevalence of cigarette smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, the response of smokers to state tax increases, and cessation practices. Even after controlling for sociodemographic factors (age, racelethnicity, income, education, marital status, employment status, and foreign-born status) smoking rates were highest in Central Harlem and in the South Bronx. Sixteen percent of nonsmokers reported frequent exposure to second-hand smoke at home or in a workplace. Among smokers with a child with asthma, only 33% reported having a no-smoking policy in their homes. More than one fifth of smokers reported reducing the number of cigarettes they smoked in response to the state tax increase. Of current smokers who tried to quit, 65% used no cessation aid. These data were used to inform New York City’s smoke-free legislation, taxation, public education, and a free nicotine patch give-away program. In conclusion, large, local surveys can provide essential data to effectively advocate for, plan, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive tobacco control program. Dr. Mostashari (the guarantor) made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and supervision of this paper, the analysis and interpretation of data, the drafting of the paper, critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content, and the acquisition of data and funding for this research. Dr. Kerker made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of data, the drafting of the paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Ms. Hajat made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Dr. Miller made substantial contributions to the conception of this paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content. Dr. Frieden made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and supervision of this paper and critical revisions of the paper for important intellectual content.     

我国内地医疗服务市场对外开放的政策回顾及走势

回顾了我国内地医疗服务市场对外开放的政策历程 ,并探讨了其发展趋势 :营利性和非营利性医疗机构公平竞争的局面将形成、非内地资金开办的大型非营利性医疗机构打响医疗市场争夺战、与国际接轨 ,最终形成以人为本、以市场为导向的医疗服务模式和理念     

ABC分类法在医疗用品库存管理中的应用

结合医院库存用品的特点和特殊的经营性质,在阐述重点库存控制-ABC分类法的思想和操作步骤的基础上,提出了该方法在医院实际应用中应该注意的问题.     

Complexity of Family Life Among the Low‐Income and Working Poor: Introduction to the Special Issue

Like all families, low‐income and working‐poor families need economic stability, safety, good health, and engagement in the larger community. However, the complexity of their lives is greatly impacted by limited economic resources. Three primary themes are explored by the 12 articles in this special issue: competing stressors and tensions, effective parenting, and economic stability and financial decision making. Key findings and program and policy implications identified by each set of authors are discussed. This body of work provides research‐based practice and policy suggestions to guide future efforts in partnering with families to strengthen their families and communities for successful enhancement of child well‐being.     

一种上下文集成的冲突处理方法

为了实现服务组合对环境的适应性,设计了能满足上下文动态集成的模型,并使用CC/PP的RDF创建P rofiles描述上下文。详细分析上下文集成中出现的冲突情况,定义优先级和效用因子,解决上下文集成中的冲突问题。结合原型系统进行测试,并给出了实验结果。研究结果表明:在不同的冲突策略情况下,该方法能在可接受的时间内解决冲突。     

论中国创新型卫生事业的构想

完善我国卫生事业的改革是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容之一。文章提出应以创新型思维对卫生事业进行综合性改革，为此提出8条建议：要妥善解决卫生事业的方向和目标问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的性质问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的产权问题；要妥善解决卫生事业低投入、高效益的战略重点问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的服务体制问题；要妥善解决卫生事业专业队伍的建设问题；要明确建立社会主义新农村的卫生事业三大创新法宝；要对全国卫生资源进行整体合理的逐步调整。     

营造和谐环境突出中医医院办院特色

目的 分析中医医院发展中所遇到的困难，找出影响和阻碍其发展的主要因素，以供决策者和同道参考。方法 对抽样单位院长进行深度访谈、员工座谈和问卷调查。结果 坚持中医办院方向却面临生存挑战，中医药特色保持现状不容乐观，突出中医药特色的专科、专病不失为中医医院发展的可行之路。原因 中医医院发展与政策环境、人才短缺有很大关系。建议 从把握机遇、突出特色专科、政府加大投入力度、按中医药自身规律培养人才、政策环境保障等方面提出建议。     

我国民营医院有关政策分析与建议

总结和分析了我国有关民营医院的分类管理政策和税收政策;指出了在现行政策环境下,民营医院发展中面临的主要困难;对我国今后民营医院的发展,提出可具体的政策改革建议。     

Rational use of medicines – an important issue in pharmaceutical policy

In this article the authors deal with issues of drug utilisation from a clinical and policy perspective. They address the difficulties of managing drug therapy on a population level, which is known among professionals, as the problem of rational use of medicines. Various definitions and interpretations are presented and compared. This is followed by a presentation of the concerns associated with pharmaceutical marketing from a policy perspective, including the fear that the dominance of information produced by industry may lead to irrational drug use. Next, the authors review the tools for policy making including educational, managerial, and regulatory interventions. The (often overlapping) concepts of medicines management, clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care are then discussed to show how professionals, sometimes in collaboration with policymakers, have tackled the problem of nonrational use of medicines. The authors address the question as to whether the rational use of medicines a universal concept, whether it can be and whether it should be? They argue that, as with most concepts, the rational use of medicines must always be viewed in context. They conclude that pharmacy needs to adapt its way of thinking to include the issue of context. They point out that clinical pharmacists today already adapt their decisons to each patient and patient group. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt a similar approach because populations as well as particular market situations vary and therefore policy solutions cannot be considered universal.*This article is the second in a series of articles on this topic that will appear in Pharmacy World & Science during 2005.