关于辅助生殖技术机构知情同意的调查与分析

目的：通过对辅助生殖技术机构中知情同意情况的调查与分析,了解医务人员知情信息告知与患方知情同意的现状与问题,从而完善知情告知的内容与方法,提高知情同意效果。方法自拟知情同意调查问卷,采用匿名问卷调查形式,由辅助生殖技术机构中医务人员和门诊不孕症患方夫妇填写完成。结果医务人员知情告知执行情况有待提高,在告知过程中存在不注重保护患者隐私的情况,而患方自身对知情同意也重视程度不够。医务人员期待伦理培训。结论辅助生殖技术机构知情同意情况并不乐观,亟需加强伦理培训,提高医务人员知情告知意识,规范知情告知内容与方式,并探索患方知情效果评价方法。     

基于案例分析生殖医学伦理委员会在供精人工授精技术实施中的指导功能

通过对所选案例的分析讨论,提出了目前在临床实践中常常遇到的关于供精人工授精技术实施过程中出现的一些伦理问题,并针对这一现状讨论研究了生殖医学伦理委员会在供精人工授精技术实施中的指导功能：一是为需求者提供相关性伦理咨询,二是对辅助生殖技术及相关性研究开展全程监督和指导。     

Albumin synthesis in young and elderly subjects using a new stable isotope methodology: Response to level of protein intake

Albumin synthesis was evaluated in 5 young adult males (19–25 yr) and 6 elderly males (64–78 yr) by a procedure involving oral administration of ¹⁵N-glycine every 3 hr over a 60-hr period. From about 40 hr onwards, urinary urea achieved a plateau of ¹⁵N-enrichment, which was estimated from the average of the last five (low protein) or seven (adequate protein) consecutive three-hourly urinary samples of the 60-hr period. This enrichment plateau was used as an index of the ¹⁵N-enrichment of the guanidine N of hepatic free arginine. The ¹⁵N-enrichment of the guanidine N of arginine in serum albumin was determined and albumin synthesis was estimated by comparing this value with the estimated enrichment of precursor hepatic arginine. Using this methodology, serum albumin concentration, synthesis, rate and plasma volume were measured when the young and elderly subjects had received an adequate protein intake (1.5 g · kg^?1 for 7 days) or a low protein intake (0.4 g · kg^?1 for 14 days). Serum albumin concentration was lower in the elderly at both levels of protein intake; protein intake did not affect this parameter in either age-group. Plasma volume (per kg body weight) did not differ between young and old, but increased in both groups when they were given the low-protein diet, so that the total intravascular albumin mass increased in both age groups significantly in the case of the young, and was probably due to net transfer of albumin from the extravascular pool. The fractional synthesis rate of the whole body albumin pool with adequate intake of protein was 4.0%/day in the young and 3.4%/day in the elderly. This fractional rate was reduced significantly by giving the low-protein diet to the young subjects, but was not reduced in the elderly. Absolute synthesis rates, calculated per kg body weight and per kg body cell mass, led to a similar conclusion. Whole body protein synthesis was also estimated from urinary ¹⁵N-urea enrichment using the Picou and Taylor-Roberts model. Albumin synthesis as a percentage of whole body protein synthesis (5%–6%) was reduced in the young adults by giving the low-protein diet, but was unchanged in the elderly. In conclusion, the rate of albumin synthesis in the young, but not in the elderly, is sensitive to changes in protein intake. It is suggested that albumin synthesis in the elderly is controlled at a lower set point, which prevents its response to higher protein intakes.     

Introducing technology into medical education: Two pilot studies

ObjectivesEducators are integrating new technology into medical curriculum. The impact of newer technology on educational outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to determine if two pilot interventions, (1) introducing iPads into problem-based learning (PBL) sessions and (2) online tutoring would improve the educational experience of our learners.MethodsWe voluntarily assigned 26 second-year medical students to iPad-based PBL sessions. Five students were assigned to Skype for exam remediation. We performed a mixed-method evaluation to determine efficacy.ResultsPilot 1: Seventeen students completed a survey following their use of an iPad during the second-year PBL curriculum. Students noted the iPad allows for researching information in real time, annotating lecture notes, and viewing sharper images. Data indicate that iPads have value in medical education and are a positive addition to the curriculum. Pilot 2: Students agreed that online tutoring is at least or more effective than in-person tutoring.ConclusionsIn our pilot studies, students experienced that iPads and Skype are beneficial in medical education and can be successfully employed in areas such as PBL and remediation.Practice implicationsEducators should continue to further examine innovative opportunities for introducing technology into medical education.     

无创DNA产前检测在诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体疾病中的应用

目的探讨新一代测序技术的无创DNA产前检测在诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体疾病中的应用价值。方法 2012年8月1日至2013年12月31日在辽宁省大连市妇幼保健院接受孕妇外周血中游离胎儿DNA检测者2548例,均为单胎,妊娠12周-26周,按照孕妇年龄、血清学筛查结果及超声检测结果分为唐氏综合征筛查（唐筛）高危组、高龄组（孕产期年龄超过35周岁）、B超检测异常组和其他原因组,共计4组,由北京贝瑞和康生物技术有限公司和湖南家辉遗传专科医院合作开展的＂大规模基于新一代测序技术的新型无创DNA产前检测＂对孕妇外周血中游离胎儿DNA进行序列分析,对检测结果阳性者进行羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺及胎儿染色体核型分析;对检测结果阴性者行电话随访其胎儿出生后情况。结果 ①4组孕妇共计2548例均成功完成游离胎儿DNA检测,检测结果为阳性者共39例,包括21三体18例、18三体7例、13三体2例、性染色体异常12例。其中唐筛高危组检出21三体5例、18三体1例、13三体0例、性染色体异常3例;高龄组检出21三体3例、18三体3例、13三体0例、性染色体异常5例;B超检测异常组检出21三体9例、18三体2例、13三体0例、性染色体异常2例;其他原因组检出21三体1例、18三体1例、13三体2例、性染色体异常2例;②孕妇游离胎儿DNA检测结果异常的39例孕妇中,32例进行了羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺及染色体核型分析。18例21三体检测阳性者中,13例进行了羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺,其中12例结果与无创DNA吻合,1例不吻合,5例拒绝羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺而直接引产,经随访胎儿均有异常。结果检出率100%,准确率92.3%。7例18三体检测阳性者中,有6例进行了羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺,其中5例结果与无创DNA吻合,1例不吻合,1例拒绝羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺而直接引产,经随访胎儿存在多处异常。结果检出率100%,准确率83.3%。2例13三体检?     

Artificial intelligence technologies for the detection of colorectal lesions: The future is now

Several studies have shown a significant adenoma miss rate up to 35% during screening colonoscopy, especially in patients with diminutive adenomas. The use of artificial intelligence(AI) in colonoscopy has been gaining popularity by helping endoscopists in polyp detection, with the aim to increase their adenoma detection rate(ADR) and polyp detection rate(PDR) in order to reduce the incidence of interval cancers. The efficacy of deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)-based AI system for polyp detection has been trained and tested in ex vivo settings such as colonoscopy still images or videos. Recent trials have evaluated the real-time efficacy of DCNN-based systems showing promising results in term of improved ADR and PDR. In this review we reported data from the preliminary ex vivo experiences and summarized the results of the initial randomized controlled trials.     

依托大学附属医院培养医学影像技术专业的问题与思考

我国医学影像技术专业开设时间短,办学依托模式在各高校间存在较大差异,其中基于大学附属医院培养医学影像技术专业的模式存在课程体系逻辑不合理、教研机构设置不健全、学生创新研究引导不足等弊端,同时本文提出缓解上述不利教育因素的方案,旨在进一步完善高校附属医院主导医学影像技术专业建设的模式,输出更优质的人才。