床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术在重症脑出血患者中的应用

目的探讨床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术（PDT）在重症脑出血患者中的应用价值。方法选取2014年1月—2019年4月南方医科大学附属小榄医院重症医学科监护治疗的重症脑出血患者126例，在ICU床旁采用超声引导下行PDT。术前采用超声进行检查，明确气管位置、周围组织及血管情况，确定穿刺部位及深度，指导术前气管导管退管。术中实时超声引导，确保手术安全。术后超声确认气管切开套管位置，筛查排除气胸等相关并发症。观察操作时间（从皮肤穿刺到成功置入气管套管时间）、一针穿刺成功率、置管成功率、气管插管意外脱管率；观察术中及术后并发症：出血量、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿、气胸、低氧血症发生率等。结果126例患者手术均一次操作成功，一针穿刺成功率及置管成功率均为100%，未发生气管插管意外脱管。操作时间5~12 min，平均操作时间7.5 min。术中及术后未发生难以控制的大出血、严重低氧血症、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿及气胸等并发症。结论对重症脑出血患者行床旁实时超声引导下行PDT，提高了手术的可视性、操作性和安全性，提高PDT成功率，降低相关并发症，具有良好的临床价值。     

Clinical,radiological and physiological assessment of anorectal function

The maintenance of anorectal continence and defaecation is complex. The disruption of these mechanisms can result in symptoms of either faecal incontinence or obstructive defaecation. Both conditions can have significant impact on quality of life. This article details the clinical assessment of presenting patients to establish potential causes, grade the severity of the symptoms and to assess the impact on their quality of life. The appropriate specialized radiological and physiological investigations aim to evaluate the structural integrity and function of the anal sphincter, the anorectal and pelvic floor musculature and measure the transitory function of the colon.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝圆韧带架桥门-腔静脉分流术后桥血管通畅性的评价

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对肝圆韧带架桥门-腔静脉分流术后桥血管通畅性的观察,进而对手术疗效进行评价。方法 肝圆韧带架桥门-腔静脉分流术后病人共43例 ,用二维超声及彩色多普勒分别于术后3、12及24个月观察桥血管通畅情况,依据桥血管不同的超声表现,分为桥血管通畅组和桥血管狭窄组两组。结果 术后3个月,有41例血管通畅,2例血管狭窄;术后12个月38例血管通畅,5例血管狭窄;术后24个月30例血管通畅,13例血管狭窄,随着时间的延长桥血管发生狭窄的概率增加,术后3个月与24个月比较,P<0.05。结论 术后彩色多普勒超声监测桥血管是评价手术效果的重要手段。     

胃肠道间质瘤诊断方法的研究进展

胃肠道间质瘤（gastrointestinal stromal tumor，GIST）是起源于胃肠道间叶组织的肿瘤，由于GIST存在恶性潜能，且多数GIST患者无明显临床症状，所以GIST的早期发现、诊断和治疗显得尤为重要。GIST通常在内窥镜、超声内镜（endoscopic ultrasound，EUS）检查中发现。GIST的诊断取决于形态学和免疫组织化学染色，因此组织样本的充足性是其关键。近年来，新的成像技术的应用和分子生物学的发展提高了GIST的诊断准确率，并为GIST的预后及辅助治疗提供了依据。     

Altered Mental Status as the Primary Presentation of Intussusception in a 3-Month-Old Child Diagnosed by Point-Of-Care Ultrasonography

BackgroundIntussusception can lead to significant morbidity in affected children secondary to tissue ischemia and necrosis. When a child outside of the classic age range presents with symptoms other than intermittent abdominal pain, the diagnosis of intussusception can be difficult and is often delayed.Case ReportWe present the case of a three-month-old boy who presented to the emergency department with waxing and waning mental status and seizure-like activity who was ultimately diagnosed with intussusception. The effective use of bedside ultrasonography, by the attending pediatric radiologist, enabled an interdisciplinary team to explore abdominal etiologies in parallel with testing for more commonly seen causes of altered mental status. This led to an expedited diagnosis and successful definitive management.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Intussusception is a common pediatric emergency encountered by emergency physicians where a timely diagnosis can have a profound impact on patient outcomes. Previous case reports highlight how easily intussusception can be overlooked with this atypical neurologic presentation. Furthermore, because patients with profound altered mental status are often too ill to leave the emergency department for diagnostic testing, bedside abdominal ultrasonography may be helpful in these patients.