循化撒拉族自治县1例输入性脊髓灰质炎野病毒病例流行病学调查与分析

1999年 10月青海省循化撒拉族自治县发生 1例由输入性脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )野病毒引起的病例 ,此病例的发生主要是该县口服脊灰疫苗 (OPV)常规免疫接种率处于低水平 ,OPV强化免疫质量差 ,在较大范围内形成免疫空白人群所致。该县自1992年建立急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统以来 ,监测质量和监测敏感性基本上达到世界卫生组织 (WHO)和卫生部的要求。在OPV“扫荡式”免疫活动中 ,经卫生人员逐户调查 ,发现 1997年 1例AFP病例漏报。同时 ,对全省 47个县 (区 )进行AFP病例主动搜索 ,1996年、 1997年均漏报 2例 ,1998年以来未发现AFP病例漏报     

Effect of maternal immunisation with multivalent vaccines containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on infant IPV immune response: A phase 4, multi-centre randomised trial

Multivalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTaP/IPV) has been offered to pregnant women in the United Kingdom since 2012. To assess the impact of maternal DTaP/IPV immunisation on the infant immune response to IPV, we measured poliovirus-specific neutralising antibodies at 2, 5 and 13 months of age in a randomised, phase 4 study of Repevax or Boostrix/IPV in pregnancy and in a non-randomised group born to women not given DTaP/IPV in pregnancy. Infants whose mothers received DTaP/IPV were less likely to seroconvert after three IPV doses than those whose mothers did not receive DTaP/IPV. At 13 months of age, 63/110 (57.2 %), 46/108 (42.6 %) and 40/108 (37.0 %) were seropositive to types 1 to 3, compared with 20/22 (90.9 %), 20/22 (90.9 %) and 14/20 (70.0 %) (p-values 0.003, <0.001 and 0.012). UK infants whose mothers are given DTaP/IPV in pregnancy may be insufficiently protected against poliomyelitis until their pre-school booster.     

The ghost of polio haunts us once again. The appeal of the scientific community is clear: “Vaccinate your kids today!”

IntroductionIn the summer of 2022, a vaccination campaign for the prevention of poliomyelitis was launched and “The CDC recommend that all children be vaccinated against polio, or poliomyelitis”. The scientific community is on the alert for new cases of polio, which is spreading. Although polio seemed to have been almost completely eradicated throughout the world, the disease has surprisingly reappeared in some Western countries. The risk of international spread of poliovirus remains a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).MethodThe authors reviewed recent polio cases in some western countries which have caused significant public health concern and they underline the meaning and weight of this issue emphasizing the importance of vaccination.DiscussionIn June 2022, the British authorities announced that they had detected traces of a form of polio derived from a vaccine strain in the wastewater of some London boroughs. Although no cases of disease were identified, the British government immediately announced that it was proceeding to reinstate polio vaccination for all children. A few weeks later, on July 18, 2022, the New Jersey Department of Health notified the CDCP of the detection of type-2 poliovirus in an unvaccinated young man in the New York metropolitan area. This case immediately triggered an appeal from the CDCP to get vaccinated and, above all, to vaccinate children.Low vaccination coverage means that the population is constantly at risk of further cases of paralytic poliomyelitis.ConclusionThe appeal to vaccinate children against polio is crucial, as prevention through vaccination is the only defense against the disease. We think that an efficient vaccination campaign can positively influence the process of eliminating the virus. At the same time, however, it demonstrates that simply lowering one's guard can quickly lead to a resurgence of polio cases. Hence, until polio is eradicated, we can be sure that contagion by the wild virus and the risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus will remain possible.