肺癌脑脊膜转移的MRI诊断探讨

目的探讨肺癌脑脊膜转移的途径及MRI表现特征。方法经临床及病理证实的肺癌伴脑膜、脊膜转移患者共44例,行头颅和（或）脊椎MRI平扫及增强检查,并进行回顾性分析。结果MRI平扫：28例颅内转移,3例硬脑膜结节状、不规则条片状异常信号影．1例显示左侧海绵窦区结节影;10例脊柱异常信号影,2例硬脊膜异常信号影。MRI增强：34例脑膜转移,其中11例表现为硬脑膜一蛛网膜强化;17例为软脑膜一蛛网膜强化;6例为混合型强化。4例见颅骨破坏。17例脊柱转移,其中12例硬脊膜条片状异常强化。结论血行转移是肺癌脑脊膜转移的主要转移途径,MRI增强检查对其具有重要诊断价值。     

Microvasculature of the human cerebral meninges

In the present study, the human cerebral meninges were rich in blood vessels, but no capillaries were noted. The meningeal arteries ran over the veins where they crossed. Several arterial anastomoses existed on the cortical surface. The meningeal arteries were classified into four parts; the conducting artery approximately 700 µm in diameter, distributing artery approximately 200 µm in diameter, precortical artery approximately 60 µm in diameter and cortical artery approximately 30–40 µm in diameter. A single distributing artery supplied the area of approximately 3.5 × 2.0 mm on the brain surface. They further ramified into precortical arteries which stemmed cortical arteries. These precortical arteries had the distributing area of 1 mm² and this distributing area was the same size as the width of human ocular dominant column of the visual cortex. Constriction, like a sphincter, was observed at the bifurcation of the distributing arteries. The cerebral blood vessels, which regulated the blood flow and reacted to autonomic nerve stimuli, seemed to correspond to the distributing arteries.     

经静脉治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的效果

①目的观察经静脉栓塞、手术和压迫方法治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的效果。②方法对6例DAVF首选经静脉方法治疗。3例位于上矢状窦区，手术夹闭引流静脉2例，部分栓塞1例；3例位于海绵窦区，单纯压迫眼静脉治疗1例，经静脉途径栓塞失败后压迫眼静脉治疗2例。③结果4例治愈，1例有效，1例无变化。④结论经静脉手术、栓塞上矢状窦区DAVF是一安全有效手段；经股静脉途径栓塞海绵窦区DAVF导管到位困难，而压迫眼引流静脉确实有效，可辅助治疗栓塞未愈病人。     

The meningo-orbital foramen in a Scottish population

The meningo-orbital foramen is a small opening in the orbit lateral to the lateral end of the superior orbital fissure. It is widely reported to contain an orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery. The foramen may be single or multiple and may occur in the posterosuperior part of the lateral orbital wall or in the posterolateral part of the orbital roof. There is a lack of clarity in the literature as to whether foramina occurring in the orbital roof are the same entity as those occurring in the lateral wall. The disposition of the lesser wing of the sphenoid at the anterior limit of the middle cranial fossa makes it difficult to see how a foramen communicating with the anterior cranial fossa could transmit a branch of the middle meningeal artery. Our study contained 16 meningo-orbital foramina in the orbital roof that would transmit a fine probe. Fourteen of these passed into canals that tracked posteriorly in the bone to open into the middle cranial fossa close to the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure. The other two of these foramina communicated with the anterior cranial fossa and both were associated with a more posterior foramen that communicated with the middle cranial fossa. We hope this study clarifies an issue with relevance to surgery in the anterior cranial fossa.     

改良法体外培养大鼠脑膜间皮细胞

建立大鼠脑膜间皮细胞(rat meningeal mesothelial cells,RMMC)的体外原代培养模型。用机械吹打法和0.25%胰酶-0.01%EDTA轻消化法收集原代细胞,多次差速黏附处理及传代。传三代,分别进行倒置相差显微镜观察细胞大体结构、扫描电镜(SEM)观察细胞超微结构、苏木素伊红(HE)染色法观察细胞形态、细胞免疫荧光法及免疫细胞化学法鉴定细胞。结果显示:分离培养的原代细胞在倒置显微镜下为多边形,汇合时呈铺路石样排列;SEM下细胞表面可见大量密集的微绒毛;免疫荧光染色结果显示培养细胞呈细胞角蛋白抗原阳性;免疫细胞化学结果显示培养细胞呈细胞角蛋白和波形蛋白抗原阳性,第Ⅷ因子相关抗原阴性,培养细胞的纯度达96%以上。结论:本实验成功建立了RMMC培养模型,可为脑膜纤维化的形成机制研究提供理想的细胞模型。     

Cell‐ and region‐specific expression of depression‐related protein p11 (S100a10) in the brain

P11 (S100a10), a member of the S100 family of proteins, has widespread distribution in the vertebrate body, including in the brain, where it has a key role in membrane trafficking, vesicle secretion, and endocytosis. Recently, our laboratory has shown that a constitutive knockout of p11 (p11‐KO) in mice results in a depressive‐like phenotype. Furthermore, p11 has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the actions of antidepressants. Since depression affects multiple brain regions, and the role of p11 has only been determined in a few of these areas, a detailed analysis of p11 expression in the brain is warranted. Here we demonstrate that, although widespread in the brain, p11 expression is restricted to distinct regions, and specific neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive mapping of p11 expression using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and whole‐tissue volume imaging. Overall, expression spans multiple brain regions, structures, and cell types, suggesting a complex role of p11 in depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:955–975, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Intradural dirofilariasis mimicking a Langerhans cell histiocytosis tumor

We report the case of a 6‐year‐old female who presented a cervical intradural extra‐spinal tumor, initially considered as a Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Additional histological slides revealed a Dirofilaria repens dirofilariasis. The particularity of this case is the intradural location of this filariasis, which usually has a subcutaneous or conjunctival location in human. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:485–487. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

20例颅内结核的MRI诊断

目的:探讨颅内结核的MRI表现特征及其诊断价值。方法:对20例经临床及手术病理证实的颅内结核的MRI表现进行回顾性分析总结。每例患者行MRIT1加权像、T2加权像及增强T1WI像。结果:单纯结核性脑膜炎4例,脑实质结核8例,结核性脑膜炎合并脑实质结核8例。结论:MRI检查可为颅内结核的MRI诊断提供定位、定性诊断依据。且增强MRI检查对颅内结核的敏感性、准确性、特异性又明显高于MRI平扫。     

脑膜血管瘤病1例

<正>患者女,61岁,1年前无明显诱因双眼视力下降,3个月前症状加重,并伴四肢无力及右侧肢体间歇性不自主抖动。查体:嗅觉丧失,双眼周边视野缺损、对光反射迟钝。颅脑CT:右侧额叶团片状高密度影,约2.4 cm×5.2 cm,CT值约937 HU(图1A)。颅脑MRI:右侧额叶不规则肿块,T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈混杂信号,边界清晰,内见斑片及条索状T2WI高信号,其周边可见T2WI稍高信号(图1B);增强扫描病灶呈斑片状及条索样强化(图1C)     

Regional and functional heterogeneity of antigen presenting cells in the mouse brain and meninges

The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be immune privileged, owing in part to the absence of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II⁺ cells in the healthy brain parenchyma. However, systemic inflammation can activate microglia to express MHC class II, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be sufficient to mature microglia into functional antigen presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation on the phenotype and function of putative APCs within the mouse brain parenchyma, as well as its supporting tissues—the choroid plexus and meninges. Microglia isolated from different regions of the brain demonstrated significant heterogeneity in their ability to present antigen to naïve OT-II CD4⁺ T cells following exposure to systemic LPS. Olfactory bulb microglia (but not cortical microglia) intimately interacted with T cells in vivo and stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro, albeit in the absence of co-stimulation. In contrast, myeloid cells within the choroid plexus and meninges were immunogenic and upregulated the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 following systemic inflammation. Dural APCs, which clustered around LYVE-1⁺ lymphatics, were more efficient at stimulating naïve T cell proliferation than choroid plexus APCs, suggesting that the dura may be an under-appreciated site for immune interactions. This study has highlighted the functional diversity of myeloid cells within the sub-compartments of the CNS and its supporting tissues. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that systemic inflammation can mature selected microglia populations and choroid plexus/meningeal myeloid cells into functional APCs, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.