酵母重组乙型肝炎疫苗在中小学生中接种效果评价

目的 评价中小学生大规模乙型肝炎疫苗接种效果。方法 随机选取来实行乙型肝炎疫苗计划免疫管理的6－18岁中小学生1829名,采用血清流行病学方法观测大规模酵母重组乙型肝炎疫苗接种效果。结果 对HBsAg、抗－HBs和抗－HBc全阴性者,接种疫苗1年后,抗－HBs阳性率为70．55％,HBsAg和抗-HBc阳性率分别为0．56％和1．96％;该人群接种前HBVM阳性率为63．31％,接种后为85．51％,抗－HBs阳性率显著增高,且以6－12岁低年龄组人群更明显,而HBsAg和抗－HBc阳性率在接种后1年无明显变化。结论 酵母重组乙型肝炎疫苗大规模接种后,在中小学生中形成了乙型肝炎高保护性、低感染状态。     

Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease: Pharyngeal manometry and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation

ObjectiveDysphagia is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and it represents a negative prognostic factor because of its complications. This study is to evaluate pharyngeal dysphagia for boluses of various consistencies with Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and Pharyngeal High-Resolution Manometry (PHRM) in a group of PD patients, making a comparison between the information provided by the two exams.MethodsGroup of 20 patients affected by PD was selected and initially subjected to a qualitative evaluation of the swallowing performing FEES. Subsequently, they were evaluated by PHRM to identify quantitative measures associated with pressures expressed by pharyngeal organs during swallowing. Values obtained in the study group were compared with those recorded in a group of 20 healthy subjects.ResultsStudy showed that Pmax (the maximum pressure elicited by the single pharyngeal muscle structures involved in swallowing) was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05) for all the boluses and consistency tested, in particular for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle. Pmean pre-swallowing pressure (represents the mean value of a contraction in which basal and maximal pressure where normally calculated) was significantly higher compared to normal subjects for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle (p<0.05). Mean intra-swallowing pressure was higher for the Velopharynx and the Cricopharyngeal muscle, but lower for the tongue base. Pmax and Pmean at PHRM were altered independently to the degree of dysphagia detected at FEES, and they did not correlate either with the location of the residue or with the type of bolus. Images displayed at the FEES, found the corresponding biomechanical explanations in the PHRM, which also allowed us to quantify the extent of the dysfunction, through the calculation of the pressures generated in the various structures studied.ConclusionPHRM is particularly useful in the early detection of dysphagia, when FEES may still show no evidence of abnormal swallowing.     

Characteristics of pain drawings in the neck-shoulder region among the working population

Objectives: The aim was to study the characteristics of pain drawings in the neck, shoulders, and upper-back regions among the general working population. Methods: Pain drawings of the rear view of the neck, shoulders, and upper back were made by 125 middle-aged subjects from the general working population suffering from symptoms, mainly ache and pain, in the neck or shoulder regions. The locations of the markings in each pain drawing were coded to computer files using a transparent grid (878 pixels). The total area, the number of separate loci, and the left-right symmetry were recorded. Symptoms and signs were assessed at a medical examination. Results: The most frequently marked locations in the resulting aggregated topographical diagram covered two palm-sized areas in the neck-shoulder angles, with a symmetrical and even distribution occurring between the left and right sides. Subjects with more chronic or severe symptoms made pain drawings with larger areas. The presence of tenderness in the neck-trapezius region was associated with larger areas and more bilateral and multiple loci. Larger areas with multiple bilateral loci and a more symmetric distribution characterized pain drawings made by women as compared with those made by men. No substantial difference was noted in connection with age or educational level. Conclusions: Pain drawings of neck and shoulder symptoms among the middle-aged general working population most usually focused on the neck-shoulder angles with a symmetrical left-right distribution. The number of separate symptom loci and their total area, left-right distribution, and symmetry were characteristics associated with symptom chronicity and severity or signs of tenderness in the neck-trapezius region. Received: 16 September 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998     

Study to evaluate the effectiveness of stress management workshops on response to general and occupational measures of stress

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of stress management training workshops within Zeneca Pharmaceuticals. The study was of cross-sectional design, comparing groups of workshop attendees and non-attendees. In addition, self-rated well-being scores of attendees were compared with results obtained pre-workshop and 2-3 months after the workshop. Employees participating in the study were drawn from the Manufacturing, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing sites of Zeneca Pharmaceuticals located in Cheshire, United Kingdom. Three hundred and ninety persons who had participated in stress management workshops since 1988 were matched for age, gender and department with an equal number of employees who had not attended stress management workshops. Outcome measures included self-rated well-being (as measured by the 30-question General Health Questionnaire), knowledge of company guidance on the management of stress in staff, and an assessment of coping strategies. Subjects who had not attended a stress management workshop were much more likely to have a poor understanding of the principles of management of stress in staff [odds ratio (OR) = 8.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.3-21.3] and more likely to have poor coping skills (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.3-6.1). However, mean scores for the two measures were similar in attendees and non-attendees. Self-rating of current well-being was strongly associated with the life-events score, but not related to workshop attendance. The study indicates that stress management training workshops reduce the prevalence of employees with a poor understanding of the principles of the management of stress in staff and with poor coping strategies. An improvement in the self-rated well-being observed shortly after the workshop was not sustained.     

Innovation as hospital culture: a trial and demonstration facility in an acute-care hospital ward

This short communication describes the establishment of a trial and demonstration facility for new products, technologies, methods and procedures in an acute-care hospital ward at Concord Hospital in Sydney, Australia. The importance of innovation for all businesses, including hospitals, is discussed; and, why a project like the Model Ward can promote innovation as part of the corporate culture. The Model Ward development, implementation and its benefits are reported on and discussed.     

Obesity Surgery Poly-parametric Patient Auto-evaluation

A simple auto-evaluation sheet is presented for the proper assessment of the patient's condition after surgery. Stress is put not only on weight loss, but on other important factors as well.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后颞叶损伤的质子磁共振波谱表现

目的初步报道鼻咽癌放射治疗后颞叶损伤的1HMRS表现,以期对临床诊断有所帮助,并初步探讨其临床意义.方法对13例鼻咽癌放射治疗后颞叶损伤病例行MRS检查.所有病例均在复旦大学附属华山医院检查,使用GE Singa Horizont 1.5 T超导型磁共振成像机,采用头颅正交线圈.所有病例均先进行MRI检查,再进行1HMRS检查,1HMRS采用点分辨波谱分析法及化学位移选择饱和水抑制法采集信号.成像参数为TR2000 ms,TE144 ms;成像时间为348 s;体素(voxel)大小2 cm×2 cm×2 cm;取样时将体素置于病灶的实质部分.并行对侧相应颞叶脑组织HMRS作对照(双侧颞叶损伤除外).结果首程放射距1HMRS检查的中位时间为42个月(32～172个月).13例中双侧颞叶病灶5例,共发现18个病灶.5例双侧颞叶损伤未进行正常脑组织14HMRS的对照检查,1例双侧颞叶损伤仅进行了1侧病灶检查,因此13例共进行了17个病灶区和8个正常脑组织HMRS检查.HMRS表现为病灶侧NAA/Cr均值为1.33±0.28,而对照脑组织的NAA/Cr均值为1.78±0.34,二者差异有显著性意义(t=3.22,P=0.005).3个病灶出现NAA、Cho、Cr峰消失(其中2个病灶伴Lip峰).8例有对照的颞叶损伤中6例病灶侧Cho/Cr比值低于对照侧.4个病灶出现Lip峰,4个病灶出现倒置的Lac峰,4个病灶出现MI峰.结论鼻咽癌放射治疗后颞叶损伤均有HMRS异常,主要表现为NAA/Cr的下降,大部分病例伴Cho/Cr下降,可出现Lip峰、倒置的Lac峰及MI峰.HMRS可能在放射性颞叶损伤诊断中有一定价值.     

青岛市麻疹流行病学分析与监测状况评价

目的 分析2003年青岛市麻疹流行现况及麻疹监测系统报告资料，获得青岛市麻疹的流行特点并探索麻疹发病的主要影响因素，初步评价青岛市麻疹监测系统运转情况，为改善青岛市麻疹防制和监测工作提供依据。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IgM和IgG抗体。结果 青岛市2003年各区市麻疹发病以散发为主，麻疹病例相对集中的4个地区分别是位于城乡结合部的黄岛区、崂山区、李沧区和城阳区，麻疹病例占总数的66．67％，发病高峰主要为3、4月，病例多集中于15-24岁年龄段人群。结论 青岛市麻疹发病以成人为主，城乡结合部发病较集中，其中拥挤程度和人员流动性是影响青岛市麻疹发病的主要因素。今后青岛市麻疹的防制和监测工作重点应进行相应的调整，加强对成年麻疹发病的免疫干预，并进一步完善监测样本采集和流调信息的完整。     

肺癌肺叶切除术后肺功能状态影像学评价

评价肺癌肺叶切除术后的胸部Ｘ线检查对肺功能状况估测的临床意义。方法６２例患者分别在肺叶切除术后３个月、１２个月拍摄胸部Ｘ光片，同时测定肺活量（ＶＣ）、最大通气量（ＭＶＶ）、１秒用力呼气容量（ＦＥＶ１）、动脉血氧分压（Ｐｏ２）对有关数据进行统计学处理。结果膈肌活动度＜０．５ｃｍ组肺功能检测指标明显低于膈肌活动度＞０．５ｃｍ组，两组之间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论胸部Ｘ线检查测定隔肌动度可间接估测其肺功能状况，为临床治疗、估测预后提供参考依据。     

癌症患者生活质量评估量表QLQ-52的设计及质量评价

目的:设计一套适合中国文化背景的癌症患者生活质量评估量表QLQ52。方法:通过对133名癌症患者的测评,以考核所设计的QLQ52的信度、效度、反应度以及可行性。结果:QLQ52由52项指标构成,反映了癌症患者生理、心理、独立性、社会关系及环境、精神支柱和满意度6个方面;QLQ52的被测者信度Pearson相关系数为0.334(P<0.01),分半信度为0.9242,α系数0.9404,内容效度94.00%,结构效度系数0.87,准则关联效度Pearson相关分析系数0.574(P<0.01);反应度:治疗前、中的癌症患者的生活质量与治疗后比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);可行性:完整率93.66%,填表完成时间的均数为14.30分钟,中位数为12分钟。结论:QLQ52量表具有较好的信度、效度、反应度和临床应用可行性,可试用于评价我国癌症患者的生活质量。