The Joint Occurrence of Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia (Osteosarcopenia): Definitions and Characteristics

ObjectivesWe sought to examine the associations of osteosarcopenia with physical performance, balance, and falls and fractures in community-dwelling older adults. Additionally, we aimed to determine which clinical outcomes are associated with specific components of osteosarcopenia.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and Participants253 participants (77% women; aged 77.9 ± 0.42 years) who presented for a falls and fractures risk assessment in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsParticipants were mobile, community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) free of cognitive impairment. Body composition (via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), physical performance [via Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)], and balance [via Four-Square Step test (FSS) and posturography] were examined. Falls in the past year and fractures in the past 5 years were self-reported. Osteosarcopenia was defined as (1) low bone mineral density (BMD) [T score <–1 standard deviation (SD)] combined with sarcopenia and (2) osteoporosis (BMD T score ≤–2.5 SD) combined with severe sarcopenia. For sarcopenia, we employed the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1), the revised criteria (EWGSOP2), and that of the Foundation for the National Institutes for Health (FNIH). Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsOsteosarcopenia was associated with worse SPPB, TUG, FSS, limit of stability, and falls and fractures history. Additionally, osteosarcopenia (using the severe sarcopenia classification) conferred an increased rate of falls [odds ratios (ORs) from 2.83 to 3.63; P < .05 for all] and fractures (ORs from 3.86 to 4.38; P < .05 for all) when employing the EWGSOP2 and FNIH definitions, respectively.Conclusions and ImplicationsCompared with the nonosteosarcopenic group, those with osteosarcopenia had greater impairment of physical performance and balance. The EWGSOP2 and FNIH criteria resulted in the strongest associations with physical performance and self-reported falls and fractures.     

肌少症对老年肝癌术后恢复及预后的影响

目的:肌少症对老年肝癌术后恢复及预后的影响。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年12月收治的114例老年肝癌，根据有无合并肌少症，分为肌少症组（n=35）和非肌少症组（n=79）。比较两组患者的术后恢复及生存情况。结果:肌少症组总并发症发生率、住院时间和30 d再入院率均高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肌少症组中位生存时间为25.9个月，1年、2年、3年累积总生存率为74.3%、51.1%、24.5%，而非肌少症组中位生存时间为35.7个月，1年、2年、3年累积总生存率为87.3%、75.6%、49.4%，差异有统计学意义（P=0.004）。单因素分析结果显示，老年肝癌术后预后与Charlson合并症指数（CCI）、肌少症、巴塞罗那分期（BCLC）、甲胎蛋白、肿瘤大小、肿瘤个数、肿瘤分化程度、微血管侵犯（MVI）相关（P＜0.05）。Cox多因素分析结果显示，CCI、肌少症、BCLC分期、肿瘤个数、MVI是老年肝癌术后预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论:肌少症会增加老年肝癌患者术后并发症发生率，延长住院时间，影响术后恢复，同时也会降低总生存率。     

腹型肥胖对正常体质指数老年人发生肌少症及骨质疏松的影响

目的：观察腹型肥胖对正常体质指数（BMI）老年人发生肌少症及骨质疏松的影响。方法：选择2018年1月至10月于江阴市人民医院老年医学科（全科医学科）就诊的年龄＞60岁、体质指数（BMI）正常的老年人223例。根据内脏脂肪面积（VFA），将其分为腹型肥胖组113例（VFA>100cm2）和非腹型肥胖组110例（VFA≤100cm2）。分别测定两组受试者的BMI、血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、VFA值、步速、握力、骨骼肌质量指数（ASMI）以及骨密度（BMD）等，通过t检验、卡方检验比较组间差异。采用Pearson相关分析探讨正常BMI老年人的VFA与肌少症及骨质疏松之间的关系。结果：腹型肥胖组和非腹型肥胖组VFA、ASMI、腰椎BMD差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。腹型肥胖组肌少症、骨质疏松及骨质疏松合并肌少症发生率均明显高于非腹型肥胖组（P<0.05）。重度（VFA≥120cm2）、中度（110cm2≤VFA＜120cm2）与轻度(100cm2≤VFA＜110cm2)腹型肥胖组间ASMI及BMD差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析发现，BMI正常的腹型肥胖老年人的VFA与腰椎BMD(r=-0.416)、ASMI(r=-0.436)均负相关（P<0.05）。结论：即使BMI正常，腹型肥胖也可增加老年人发生肌少症与骨质疏松的风险；VFA越高，老年人肌少症及骨质疏松越严重。加强老年人群内脏型肥胖筛查对预防肌少症与骨质疏松的发生具有重要意义。     

"肌少-骨质疏松症"的共同发病机制

"肌少-骨质疏松症"(sarco-osteopenia)的提出是基于两者共同的病理生理学基础,其中涉及八类主要影响因素.简要概括为机械因素作用于骨细胞构成的机械支架和肌管;肌肉-骨骼系统相互影响彼此化学因子的释放;甲基转移酶样蛋白21C(METTL21C)和肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN,简称肌抑素)以及硬骨抑素(sclerostin,SOST)作为共同的遗传因素调控肌肉-骨骼系统;肌肉和骨骼在旁分泌和内分泌水平上的串扰、脂肪浸润因素导致肌力的下降和骨折发生率增加;炎性反应、糖尿病和糖皮质激素过量影响肌肉的丢失以及骨丢失;营养缺乏加速骨丢失和肌肉蛋白质合成减少;个体运动量的减少和神经-肌肉功能减弱间接影响肌肉和骨骼的合成代谢.深入研究"肌少-骨质疏松症"共同的致病机制,以推动生物检测特异性指标的确定、临床疾病的评估和诊断以及有效治疗药物和设备开发工作,最终目标是有效地治疗和预防"肌少-骨质疏松症".本文对"肌少-骨质疏松症"共同病理生理学机制研究现状与进展进行系统综述.     

The stratification of cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is traditionally seen as an irreversible stage of chronic liver disease although its clinical course may last several years. Overall, the clinical management of patients with cirrhosis is based on the observation of clinical events mostly related to complications of portal hypertension. Each event of cirrhosis decompensation has clear prognostic implications although it is not precisely predictable. In practice, the advancement in the knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for disease progression is not yet translated in clinical tools allowing the stratification of the cirrhotic stage according to pathophysiological mechanisms. This article provides a review of the main clinical and histopathological features of liver cirrhosis that are relevant for its clinical stratification together with the advancements provided by the introduction of non‐invasive measures of portal hypertension. Other clinical aspects that have a major impact on the quality of life and the possibility of liver transplantation are also discussed.