Chronic pancreatitis in Japan: epidemiology,prognosis, diagnostic criteria,and future problems

Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic clinical disorder characterized by irreversible damage to the pancreas and the development of histologic evidence of inflammation and fibrosis, and eventually the destruction and permanent loss of exocrine and endocrine tissue. A nationwide survey in Japan revealed an increase in the total number of patients treated for chronic pancreatitis from 32 000 in 1994 to 42 000 in 1999. The overall prevalence and the incidence rate of chronic pancreatitis also increased, from 28.5 and 5.4, respectively, in 1994 to 32.91 and 5.77 per 100 000 population, respectively, in 1999. Diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis in Japan were proposed by the Japan Pancreas Society in 1995 and revised in 2001. The criteria were established to rule out false-positive cases and to confidently diagnose definite and probable cases of chronic pancreatitis, and thus easily detect advanced chronic pancreatitis, but the criteria are unable to lead to the early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Cancer is the major cause of death in patients with chronic pancreatitis in Japan (49.6% of all deaths in patients with chronic pancreatitis). Clarification of the mechanisms by which possible chronic pancreatitis progresses to probable or definite chronic pancreatitis, and to pancreatic cancer, is an important research goal. Because even chronic pancreatitis defined as irreversible appears to be reversible for some time in its clinical course, there is an urgent need to develop methods for diagnosing reversible chronic pancreatitis, and to prevent the transition from chronic pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer. Received: December 9, 2002 / Accepted December 20, 2002 Reprint requests to: M. Otsuki     

MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease

This document presents the Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease (PD). The Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research but also may be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark for these criteria is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise in PD diagnosis. Although motor abnormalities remain central, increasing recognition has been given to nonmotor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core feature of the disease, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies on three categories of diagnostic features: absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of the PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: clinically established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity) and probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). The Movement Disorder Society criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, the Movement Disorder Society criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Follow‐up nerve conduction studies in CIDP after treatment with IGIV‐C: Comparison of patients with and without subsequent relapse

Introduction: Electrodiagnostic studies (EDX) are not performed routinely before treatment suspension in CIDP, and no data exist regarding their value in predicting clinical relapse. Methods: Serial EDX (baseline and after IGIV‐C therapy) were analyzed from subjects in the ICE clinical trial who responded to IGIV‐C treatment and were subsequently re‐randomized to placebo in an extension phase. Comparisons were made between subjects who relapsed and those who did not. Results: A total of 55% (6/11) of the Relapse group had an increase in total number of demyelinating findings (DF) versus 8% (1/13) in the No Relapse group (P = 0.023). In the Relapse group, 100% had ≥1 new DF and 73% (8/11) had ≥4 new DF versus 60% (8/13) and 8% (1/13), respectively, in the No Relapse group. Conclusions: An increased total number of DF or the occurrence of ≥4 new DF may indicate a higher risk of clinical relapse after treatment cessation in IGIV‐C‐responsive patients. Muscle Nerve 52: 498–502, 2015     

基于CiteSpace的血瘀证证候诊断标准研究的可视化分析

目的：本文应用CiteSpace Ⅲ软件的“共词分析”功能,对相关文献进行可视化分析,研究血瘀证证候诊断标准的研究历史、现状和趋势。方法：本研究以中国知网（CNKI）为来源数据库,检索与血瘀证证候诊断标准相关的文献,检索得到相关文献835篇,将所得数据文件导入CiteSpace Ⅲ软件中,进行作者、机构和关键词的共现分析和可视化表达。结果：通过可视化分析,研究发现血瘀证证候诊断标准研究的主要研究人员301人和7个稳定的研究团队,该研究领域的重要学者有王阶、姚魁武、王庆国、王天芳、史载祥、陈可冀等;主要研究机构是研究院所及中医药大学的附属医院,北京地区以中国中医科学院及北京中医药大学为中心,出现频次>10的6家机构分别为中国中医科学院西苑医院、中国中医科学院广安门医院、北京中医药大学东直门医院、北京中医药大学、北京中医药大学东方医院和山东中医药大学,以上6家单位的总出现频次104次,占总数（386次）的26.94%,是血瘀证证候诊断标准研究的主要阵地;主要研究方向有血瘀证证候诊断标准的制定、临床试验研究、相关性研究及系统综述。受到关注较多的疾病是冠心病心绞痛和慢性阻塞性肺疾病。本研究预测：西医疾病与中医证候的相关性研究、证候要素研究、系统综述和循证医学研究,以及脑梗死研究可能是未来的发展趋势及研究热点。结论：研究结果表明,利用CiteSpace Ⅲ软件的“共词分析”功能,对血瘀证证候诊断标准研究的相关文献进行可视化分析,可对该领域的发展历史、现状和主要的研究领域有直观的了解,并对该领域的发展趋势做出预测。     

特应性皮炎临床特点与诊断标准探讨

目的：探讨特应性皮炎的临床特点与诊断标准。方法选择特应性皮炎患者638例,均符合 HR 的相关诊断,统计所有患者对于康田标准的符合率,观察其遗传过敏情况、伴随体征以及嗜酸性粒细胞、血清 IgE情况。结果经过 HR 确诊为特应性皮炎的638例患者中符合康田标准者618例,总符合率为96.87％,符合率随着年龄段的增长而增高。在过敏史中个人过敏史随着年龄增长而发病率增加,家族过敏史中超过12岁者明显增多。在临床症状中干皮症、掌纹症、面部皮炎所占比例最高,乳头湿疹、唇炎、眶下皱褶、白色糠疹所占比例较低。各年龄阶段的患者嗜酸性粒细胞与 IgE 的均值均高于正常值。结论康田标准对于特应性皮炎的诊断标准合理实用。