全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9259篇 |
免费 | 979篇 |
国内免费 | 269篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 60篇 |
儿科学 | 187篇 |
妇产科学 | 212篇 |
基础医学 | 1188篇 |
口腔科学 | 119篇 |
临床医学 | 981篇 |
内科学 | 1417篇 |
皮肤病学 | 114篇 |
神经病学 | 556篇 |
特种医学 | 246篇 |
外国民族医学 | 4篇 |
外科学 | 959篇 |
综合类 | 1010篇 |
现状与发展 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 598篇 |
眼科学 | 85篇 |
药学 | 614篇 |
5篇 | |
中国医学 | 443篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1708篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 39篇 |
2023年 | 221篇 |
2022年 | 300篇 |
2021年 | 508篇 |
2020年 | 436篇 |
2019年 | 426篇 |
2018年 | 397篇 |
2017年 | 420篇 |
2016年 | 401篇 |
2015年 | 421篇 |
2014年 | 586篇 |
2013年 | 647篇 |
2012年 | 504篇 |
2011年 | 542篇 |
2010年 | 410篇 |
2009年 | 448篇 |
2008年 | 438篇 |
2007年 | 453篇 |
2006年 | 389篇 |
2005年 | 352篇 |
2004年 | 288篇 |
2003年 | 228篇 |
2002年 | 208篇 |
2001年 | 178篇 |
2000年 | 146篇 |
1999年 | 123篇 |
1998年 | 110篇 |
1997年 | 90篇 |
1996年 | 97篇 |
1995年 | 81篇 |
1994年 | 80篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 74篇 |
1991年 | 60篇 |
1990年 | 44篇 |
1989年 | 38篇 |
1988年 | 34篇 |
1987年 | 34篇 |
1986年 | 24篇 |
1985年 | 30篇 |
1984年 | 28篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 25篇 |
1981年 | 22篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
Krämer J Aguirre-Arteta AM Thiel C Gross CM Dietz R Cardoso MC Leonhardt H 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》1999,77(2):294-298
Studies on smooth muscle cell differentiation and those on vascular development in mouse and humans have long been hampered
by the lack of suitable markers. Here we describe a novel, large isoform of smoothelin, a structural protein of differentiated,
contractile smooth muscle cells. The protein, which is highly conserved in mouse and humans, shows homology with other cytoskeleton-associated
smooth muscle cell proteins and contains an actinin-type actin-binding domain. Northern blot analysis from various mouse organs
identified short and long smoothelin mRNA forms, which exhibit distinct tissue expression patterns. The short form is highly
expressed in visceral muscle tissues such as intestine and stomach and is not detectable in brain, while the long mRNA form
is expressed in all vascularized organs. These results may provide new tools and approaches to study both smooth muscle cell
differentiation and proliferative vascular disease.
Received: 25 August 1998 / Accepted: 19 October 1998 相似文献
102.
Multiple epithelial cysts of the spleen and on the splenic capsule, and high serum levels of CA19-9, CA125 and soluble IL-2 receptor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hashimoto T Sugino T Fukuda T Hoshi N Ogura G Watanabe K Satoh Y Hasegawa T Ohishi A Haga J Miyata M Suzuki T 《Pathology international》2004,54(5):349-354
An 18-year-old woman with abdominal pain was diagnosed as having splenic cysts by computed tomography scan. She had high serum levels of CA19-9 (2886.8 U/mL; normal value, <35 U/mL), CA125 (131.1 U/mL; normal value, <35 U/mL) and soluble IL-2 receptor (1490 U/mL; normal range, 220-530 U/mL). The resected spleen weighed 1050 g, was 14 x 28 cm, and had more than 10 macroscopic cysts up to 10.3 x 9.5 cm. There were numerous microscopic cysts in the spleen and several on the splenic capsule. The levels of CA19-9 and CA125 in the cyst fluid were 2165550 U/mL and 160400 U/mL, respectively. After the surgery, the serum levels of the tumor markers decreased gradually. The inside of the largest cyst was mainly covered by granulation tissue with a focal lining of epithelial cells, and the other macroscopic cysts had stratified squamous epithelium. The microscopic splenic cysts and cysts on the splenic capsule were lined by either attenuated single-layered or multilayered epithelial cells. The lining epithelial cells of these cysts were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratins. CA19-9 and CA125 were detected in the lining cells of the splenic cysts. In the present case, it is suspected that the splenic cysts were derived from the capsular lining cells that showed migration from the capsule or formed microcysts on the splenic capsule, as in the case of ovarian inclusion cysts. 相似文献
103.
Diagnostic utility of galectin-3 and CD26/DPPIV as preoperative diagnostic markers for thyroid nodules 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Aratake Y Umeki K Kiyoyama K Hinoura Y Sato S Ohno A Kuribayashi T Hirai K Nabeshima K Kotani T 《Diagnostic cytopathology》2002,26(6):366-372
The aim of this study was to search for diagnostic markers that could correctly identify thyroid nodular lesions requiring urgent surgical treatment. We investigated whether galectin-3 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26/DPPIV) could be potential markers for improving the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology. Seventy-nine patients with histologically proven thyroid diseases were analyzed. The immunocytochemical staining results showed galectin-3 expression in neoplastic cells of all 37 papillary carcinomas, five of six follicular carcinomas, all three anaplastic carcinomas, one of three medullary carcinomas, and two of 14 follicular adenomas. All 16 adenomatous goiters were negative for galectin-3 immunostaining. On the other hand, all 37 papillary carcinomas, all six follicular carcinomas, and one of three anaplastic carcinomas revealed CD26/DPPIV expression, whereas all three medullary carcinomas were negative. Among benign thyroid lesions, four of 14 follicular adenomas and two of 16 adenomatous goiters exhibited varying degrees of immunoreactivity for CD26/DPPIV. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated overexpression of galectin-3 and CD26/DPPIV mRNAs in all six papillary and all three follicular carcinomas analyzed, whereas the mRNA expressions of these molecules were barely or not detectable in benign thyroid lesions and normal thyroid tissues, except for one case of follicular adenoma. In conclusion, we demonstrate that galectin-3 and CD26/DPPIV were consistently coexpressed at protein and mRNA levels in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. We propose that combined immunostaining for galectin-3 and CD26/DPPIV in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules may play a role in accurate cytodiagnosis. 相似文献
104.
Lilleri D Baldanti F Gatti M Rovida F Dossena L De Grazia S Torsellini M Gerna G 《Journal of medical virology》2004,73(3):412-418
Transplantation Centers using human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigenemia-based preemptive therapy will need to replace in the near future the antigenemia assay with a more standardized and automatable assay, such as a molecular assay quantifying HCMV DNA in blood (DNAemia). Thus, in view of replacing antigenemia with clinically safe cutoff values, DNAemia levels corresponding to antigenemia cutoffs guiding HCMV preemptive therapy were determined retrospectively in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCTR) using an "in-house" quantitative PCR (QPCR) method. Since preemptive therapy had prevented appearance of HCMV disease in all patients tested, DNA cutoffs determined retrospectively had to be considered as safe clinically as antigenemia cutoffs used prospectively. However, in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR), initiating preemptive therapy upon an antigenemia cutoff of 100 pp65-positive leukocytes, a DNAemia cutoff of 300,000 copies/ml blood had positive and negative predictive values of >90%, indicating that a DNAemia cutoff could achieve, in terms of prevention of HCMV disease, the same clinical results as the antigenemia cutoff. In HSCTR, initiating preemptive therapy upon first antigenemia positivity, a DNAemia cutoff of 10,000 copies/ml blood had a positive predictive value of >90%, indicating that the great majority of patients treated under the antigenemia guidance would have been treated also using this DNA cutoff. On the other hand, the negative predictive value of 28.6% indicated that two out of three HSCTR had been treated under the antigenemia guidance having the same levels of viral DNA as the untreated patients. The data suggest that a quantitative cutoff could be adopted as a guiding criterion for preemptive therapy also in HSCTR. Regression analysis allowed to determine the DNAemia (corresponding to QPCR) cutoff values for two commercial assays tested both in solid organ and HSCTR. Retrospective DNAemia cutoff values will be verified for safety in prospective trials. 相似文献
105.
Mengoli C Cusinato R Biasolo MA Cesaro S Parolin C Palù G 《Journal of medical virology》2004,74(1):78-84
After bone marrow (BM) or solid-organ (SO) transplantation viremic Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is observed frequently. Quantitative assay of CMV in blood helps the management of this clinical condition. In the present report, 83 samples from 39 solid organ recipients, three CMV assays were compared simultaneously for the first time: the Nuclisens CMV pp67 assay (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, NASBA), an "in-house" quantitative real-time PCR assay (TaqMan) for CMV DNA, and pp65 antigenemia. The relation between CMV DNA and pp65 antigenemia, the quantitative assays, was evaluated on a larger group including 251 blood samples from 118 solid organ recipients. Real-time PCR provided the best results; > or =130 CMV DNA copies/2 x 10(5) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) predicted > or =1 pp65 antigen positive (Ag+) cell/2 x 10(5) PBLs. By taking pp65 antigenemia as the "gold standard," the sensitivity of CMV DNA quantitation and of the pp67 RNA assay were 0.95 and 0.20, respectively, while the corresponding specificity values were 0.50 and 0.93. When real-time PCR was considered as the "gold standard," the sensitivity and specificity of the pp65 antigenemia were 0.65 and 0.91, respectively. Among the three tests examined, the sensitivity of the pp67 RNA assay was the lowest. On the other hand, the pp67 RNA assay was highly specific and effective in pinpointing high viremia patients. The present report, by providing predictive values for all three diagnostic profiles, DNA load, antigenemia, and pp67RNA, is a contribution for validation of real-time PCR as a new standard for quantitative assessment of CMV viremia in clinical settings. 相似文献
106.
Martin Griebe Michael Daffertshofer Mark Stroick Magdalena Syren Parviz Ahmad-Nejad Michael Neumaier Juergen Backhaus Michael G. Hennerici Marc Fatar 《Neuroscience letters》2007
Biological markers play an evolving role in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). We compare conventional measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and β-amyloid1–42 proteins to a novel approach – Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy – a simple technique derived from chemical and physical sciences that characterizes intramolecular bonds. For automatic diagnostic analysis, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN). We examined 71 patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD and 66 controls. β-Amyloid1–42 was decreased (sensitivity 80% and specificity 78%); tau was elevated (sensitivity 76% and specificity 88%) in CSF of AD patients. The combined tau/β-amyloid1–42 quotient was able to distinguish healthy from diseased subjects with 99% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The ANN could separate FT-IR spectroscopy data with 88.5% sensitivity and 80% specificity. FT-IR spectroscopy proved to be cost-effective and simple to perform. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is in the range of CSF tau and β-amyloid1–42 protein analysis. Larger sample numbers for ANN training and validation could increase diagnostic accuracy and thus prove to be a useful screening tool. 相似文献
107.
High frequency of BRCA1/2 germline mutations in 42 Belgian families with a small number of symptomatic subjects 下载免费PDF全文
AIM: The initial risk assessments for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and estimates of carrier frequencies were based on extended pedigrees with a large number of symptomatic subjects. When counselling based on BRCA gene mutation analysis was initiated, we faced requests for counselling mostly from members of small families with only two or three affected members. We report on the likelihood of finding a BRCA mutation in such small families. METHODS: In the first 100 families that came for oncogenetic counselling since September 1994, a BRCA1/2 gene mutation screen was initiated if there were two or more symptomatic first degree relatives, if one of them had ovarian cancer, or if one breast cancer was diagnosed before the age of 50 years. RESULTS: BRCA gene mutations were found and confirmed by sequencing in 14 out of 42 families (33%); 10 mutations were in the BRCA1 gene and four in the BRCA2 gene. Our findings indicate an increased probability of detecting a BRCA gene mutation when ovarian cancer occurred in the family. There is no increased probability of detecting a mutation with increasing numbers of breast cancers. Only 22% of the eligible presymptomatic family members opted for testing. The presymptomatic female carriers currently prefer breast surveillance rather than prophylactic surgery. CONCLUSION: BRCA1/2 gene mutation testing can be done with reasonable efficiency in the Belgian population when there are two symptomatic family members. The availability of testing does not lead to a high frequency of requests for testing by presymptomatic family members. 相似文献
108.
11q trisomy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Takako Takano Yasuko Yamanouchi Shoko Kawashima Masatsune Date Shintaro Hashira Mitsushiro Kida Toshiaki Abe Yutaka Nakahori Yasuo Nakagome 《Clinical genetics》1993,44(6):324-328
Takano T, Yamanouchi Y, Kawashima S, Date M, Hashira S, Kida M, Abe T, Nakahori Y, Nakagome Y. 11q trisomy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clin Genet 1993: 44: 324–328. © Munksgaard, 1993 A patient with psychomotor developmental delay, multiple minor anomalies, congenital heart disease and left inguinal hernia is reported. His karyotype was 45,X/46,X,+mar (3 : 37 cells), and the marker chromosome was identified as t(Y;11) (q12;q14?) using fluorescence in situ hybridization and fluorescent chromosome painting. He was diagnosed as mosaic for de novo 11q trisomy. 相似文献
109.
Dr. M. S. Ghandour O. K. Langley A. Keller 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1981,41(3-4):271-279
Summary A comparative immunohistological study of the neurone-specific enolase and enolase, demonstrates the exclusive neuronal localization of enolase and its absence from glial cells. In contrast, enolase is located in astroglial cells. The validity of enolase as a neuronal marker and enolase as an astrocytic marker, is confirmed both by a double labelling technique, using antibodies to and to revealed with fluorescence or peroxidase in the same tissue sections, and by immunoelectronmicroscopy. 相似文献
110.
The expression of Rho proteins decreases with human brain tumor progression: Potential tumor markers
Forget MA Desrosiers RR Del M Moumdjian R Shedid D Berthelet F Béliveau R 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》2002,19(1):9-15
Astrocytic tumors are the most common human brain tumors. Establishment of tumor grade is a key determinant both in the choice of a therapeutic approach and in the prognosis. The diagnosis of astrocytic tumors is currently determined following histopathological analysis. The identification of molecular markers would offer a complementary tool for characterizing tumors with respect to their clinical behavior. In this study we determined the expression levels of 3 small GTP binding proteins (RhoA, RhoB and Rac1), of their inhibitor RhoGDI and of caveolin-1 in 24 human astrocytic tumors of grades I to IV. Our results demonstrated that the expression of RhoA and RhoB decreased significantly in all brain tumors studied and was inversely related with tumor of grade II to IV malignancy. The amount of caveolin-1 immunodetected was not significantly different from normal brain samples while the Rac1 expression level was diminished in astrocytic tumors of grades III and IV. Our finding that RhoA and RhoB expression levels are correlated to tumor malignancy suggests that they may serve as novel and efficient diagnostic markers for astrocytic brain tumors of histological grade II to IV and complement currently applied histopathological analysis. 相似文献