Epstein–Barr virus involvement in the pathogenesis of hydroa vacciniforme: an assessment of seven adult patients with long‐term follow‐up

Background Hydroa vacciniforme (HV) is a chronic papulovesicular photodermatosis of childhood, with some cases persisting through adulthood. In children, the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in typical HV and in HV evolving into natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma. No exploration of EBV infection has been performed in adult patients with HV with long‐term follow‐up. Objectives To assess EBV infection systematically in blood and in experimentally photoinduced lesions in adult patients with HV. Methods Repeated tests for EBV DNA blood load using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological EBV tests were performed in seven adult patients with long‐term follow‐up. Skin samples from phototest‐induced lesions and surrounding normal skin were studied using PCR, in situ hybridization and electron microscopy. ZEBRA protein was detected using immunostaining. Thirty‐five patients with other photosensitive disorders were included as controls. Results The EBV DNA blood load was strongly positive in the seven patients with HV and negative in 34 of 35 of the patients with other photosensitive disorders (P < 0·001). The levels were higher in photosensitive patients with HV than in patients with HV in clinical remission. Ultrastructurally, viral particles were detected in lymphocytes and also in keratinocytes in three experimentally phototest‐induced lesions; they were not found in the surrounding normal skin. ZEBRA protein was also detected in phototest‐induced lesions, but not in the surrounding normal skin. Conclusion EBV is involved in HV pathogenesis and persists in adult patients with HV. A positive EBV DNA load, specific to HV in the spectrum of photosensitive disorders, might be a useful biomarker in HV.     

种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病的诊断与治疗2例

目的根据2例种痘样水疱病样EB病毒感染相关淋巴细胞增生性疾病患者的临床表现、治疗及转归,探讨该病的诊断和治疗。方法分析2例患者的临床资料、实验室检查、治疗及转归。结果 2例均为幼年发病,皮损开始出现在暴露部位,反复发作,数月或数年后进展至非暴露部位且伴有发热等全身症状,严重者出现肝功能异常及嗜血现象。皮损组织病理示真皮内致密淋巴样细胞浸润至脂肪层,侵犯血管,可见部分中等大小不典型异形淋巴细胞;免疫组化示浸润细胞以CD4+T细胞为主;皮损中EB病毒(Epstein-Barrvirus,EBV)原位杂交阳性,血清中EBV抗体阳性。结论该病与EB病毒感染有关,糖皮质激素联合静脉丙种球蛋白即可控制症状,尚无必要按"淋巴瘤"治疗,但需长期随访。     

The aim of the measurement of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in hydroa vacciniforme and hypersensitivity to mosquito bites

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load in the blood increases in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and chronic active EBV infection. In this report, we analyzed the EBV DNA load in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma of patients with hydroa vacciniforme (HV) and/or hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB) to understand the clinical significance of EBV DNA load. All 30 patients showed high DNA loads in the PBMCs over the cut-off level. Of 16 plasma samples, extremely high in two samples obtained from patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The amount of cell-free DNA in plasma was correlated to the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and inversely correlated to platelet counts. These results indicate that the EBV DNA load in PBMCs can provide one of the diagnostic indicators for HV and HMB and marked elevation of cell-free EBV DNA in plasma might be related to cytolysis such as that observed in HLH.     

Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

A 14-year-old Chinese girl had a 6-year history of recurrent lesions on her head, face, and limbs. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-IgM was positive. Histopathological findings revealed focal lymphocyte invasion in subcutaneous panniculus adiposus, mainly surrounding the blood vessels. Immunohistochemistry showed CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, CD8+, TIA-1+, GrB+, CD56-, and L26-. In situ hybridization staining for EBV-encoded small nonpolyadenylated RNA (EBER)-1 was positive. The patient showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms after being treated with acyclovir and IFN-α in this patient.     

种痘样水疱病12例临床及病理分析

目的：分析12例种痘样水疱病患儿的临床，病理特征。方法：回顾分析12例种痘样水疱病患儿的临床资料和组织病理检查结果。结果：12例种痘样水疱病患儿男5例，女7例，平均发病年龄4.3岁，病程1-13年。12例均有暴露部位的丘疱疹、水疱、坏死、结痂及痘疮样瘢痕；其中1例伴有非暴露部位皮肤受累，1例伴有指间关节变形，1例皮损出现时伴有低热。病理表现为表皮内多房性水疱，真皮浅层中等至大量淋巴细胞浸润，并可伴有表皮、真皮坏死。结论：种痘样水疱病典型皮损为水疱，丘疱疹和痘疮样瘢痕，重型可出现皮肤肿胀，皮损亦可累及非暴露部位皮肤。     

种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤1例及文献复习

目的 报告1例种痘水疱病样皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤（HV-like CTCL）患者并复习该病临床、组织病理、分子生物学及治疗和预后特点,以提高临床医生对该病的诊治水平.方法 分析1例HV-like CTCL患者的临床病理、实验室检查及治疗预后特点,并复习近年国内外相关文献.结果 该患者表现为全身丘疹、丘疱疹、坏死、溃疡、结痂和痘疮样瘢痕等多形性皮疹,并伴有浅表淋巴结肿大.组织病理示真皮全层及脂肪小叶间隔密集的淋巴细胞浸润,细胞有异型性;免疫组化示肿瘤细胞表达CD2、CD3、CD8、TIAI、GramB,CD20,CD30,CD56阴性.皮损基因重排示TCR-δ（＋）.原位杂交检测Epstein-Barr（EB）病毒（＋）.患者经干扰素治疗病情缓解.结论 HV-like CTCL临床表现特殊,主要依靠组织病理及分子生物学手段确诊.目前该病没有统一的治疗方案,其预后与患病年龄、发病诱因（如血液EB病毒滴度、亚型和基因变异）及治疗等多种因素相关.     

种痘水疱病样淋巴瘤临床分析

目的探讨种痘水疱病样淋巴瘤患儿的临床表现、诊治经过,总结该病的特点,为临床诊治提供经验。方法回顾性分析我院收治4例患儿的临床表现、辅助检查、病理活检、治疗及预后。结果4例患儿年龄2～7岁,男女各2例。皮疹表现多样,部分为牛痘样疱疹。均伴发热、肝功能及LDH不同程度升高、IgE增高,2例轻度贫血。3例检测T淋巴细胞亚群:T细胞总数、Th、Ts均下降,NK细胞比例升高。4例患儿病理片EBER原位分子杂交均阳性、外周血EBV-DNA定量明显增高,EBV抗体四项不同阳性,监测EBV-DNA持续处于高水平。2例行PET-CT检查示全身皮肤病变并代谢增高,全身或局部肿大淋巴结并代谢增高。4例患儿皮肤病理活检显示病变在皮肤真皮层至皮下组织,可见多形性核不规则中小至单一肿大不同异形程度的淋巴细胞,多数以小血管、皮肤附件或脂肪组织为中心浸润,可见血管中心生长现象。免疫组化结果:所有组织CD3、CD45RO阳性,CD20阴性,细胞毒T细胞表型标志TIA-1均阳性。其中1例为CD4~+、CD8~-,余为CD4~-、CD8~-,2例CD 30~+,2例CD56~+,GRB、perf不同阳性。2例予更昔洛韦、干扰素治疗,症状可缓解,随访5年现无病存活。1例先后予氢化泼尼松、更昔洛韦、MTX、膦甲酸钠、因特芬治疗,皮疹短暂缓解,后病情进展为噬血细胞综合症,予环孢素A、VP16治疗稳定,病情反复改用CHOP方案化疗、外照射放疗好转,随访5年目前带病存活。1例予更昔洛韦、MTX、糖皮质激素治疗,随访1年带病存活。结论种痘水疱病样淋巴瘤表现异质性,多进展缓慢,诊断主要依据以皮肤为主的特殊临床表现、皮肤病理及EBER原位分子杂交。外周血T淋巴亚群明显异常,NK细胞明显增多。病理的细胞分型多样。需个体化治疗。     

Current research on chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection in Japan

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is usually asymptomatic and persists lifelong. Although EBV‐infected B cells have the potential for unlimited proliferation, they are effectively removed by the virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells, and EBV‐associated lymphoproliferative disease develops only in immunocompromised hosts. Rarely, however, individuals without apparent immunodeficiency develop chronic EBV infection with persistent infectious mononucleosis‐like symptoms. These patients have high EBV‐DNA load in the peripheral blood and systemic clonal expansion of EBV‐infected T cells or natural killer (NK) cells. Their prognosis is poor with life‐threatening complications including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, organ failure, and malignant lymphomas. The term “chronic active EBV infection” (CAEBV) is now generally used for this disease. The geographical distribution of CAEBV is markedly uneven and most cases have been reported from Japan and other East Asian countries. Here we summarize the current understanding of CAEBV and describe the recent progress of CAEBV research in Japan.     

糖尿病患者皮肤病变的护理体会

目的分析住院糖尿病患者中皮肤病变的特点,探讨其病因及护理方法。方法总结60例糖尿病皮肤病变的综合治疗和护理过程。结果本组60例患者中痊愈和显效48例（80．0％）,临床症状明显改善,血糖控制良好,皮肤病变基本消失;进步7例（11．7％）;无效5例（8．3％）自动出院。结论对糖尿病皮肤病变患者及时采取健康教育、饮食护理、心理护理、综合治疗,能有效的控制血糖,缩短患者住院时间,使患者病情缓解,提高患者生活质量。