Proteomic and metabolomic profiling reveals time-dependent changes in hippocampal metabolism upon paroxetine treatment and biomarker candidates

Most of the commonly used antidepressants block monoamine reuptake transporters to enhance serotonergic or noradrenergic neurotransmission. Effects besides or downstream of monoamine reuptake inhibition are poorly understood and yet presumably important for the drugs' mode of action. In the present study we aimed at identifying hippocampal cellular pathway alterations in DBA/2 mice using paroxetine as a representative Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI). Furthermore we identified biomarker candidates for the assessment of antidepressant treatment effects in plasma. Hippocampal protein levels were compared between chronic paroxetine- and vehicle-treated animals using in vivo¹⁵N metabolic labeling combined with mass spectrometry. We also studied the time course of metabolite level changes in hippocampus and plasma using a targeted polar metabolomics profiling platform. In silico pathway analyses revealed profound alterations related to hippocampal energy metabolism. Glycolytic metabolite levels acutely increased while Krebs cycle metabolite levels decreased upon chronic treatment. Changes in energy metabolism were influenced by altered glycogen metabolism rather than by altered glycolytic or Krebs cycle enzyme levels. Increased energy levels were reflected by an increased ATP/ADP ratio and by increased ratios of high-to-low energy purines and pyrimidines. In the course of our analyses we also identified myo-inositol as a biomarker candidate for the assessment of antidepressant treatment effects in the periphery. This study defines the cellular response to paroxetine treatment at the proteome and metabolome levels in the hippocampus of DBA/2 mice and suggests novel SSRI modes of action that warrant consideration in antidepressant development efforts.     

缺氧对前列腺癌细胞糖酵解及迁移侵袭能力的影响

目的  探讨缺氧状态下前列腺癌细胞糖酵解和体外迁移侵袭能力的改变。方法  将前列腺癌细胞DU145和/或PC-3分别置于常氧及缺氧环境中培养24和48 h,侵袭小室实验检测前列腺癌细胞体外迁移及侵袭能力改变。分别检测上清液中葡萄糖含量、乳酸含量;实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测糖酵解相关基因的表达改变。结果  前列腺癌细胞DU145经缺氧处理后,体外迁移及侵袭能力较常氧处理增强。同时缺氧处理后,DU145和PC-3细胞培养上清液中葡萄糖含量减少,肿瘤细胞摄入葡萄糖能力提高,糖酵解代谢产物乳酸在上清液中增加。qRT-PCR结果表明,缺氧处理后DU145细胞糖酵解相关基因。结论  缺氧处理能增强前列腺癌细胞的体外迁移及侵袭能力,同时通过改变糖酵解相关基因的表达,对前列腺癌细胞的糖酵解过程发挥调控作用。

     

精脒对SW620细胞增殖及糖酵解的影响

目的 探讨精脒对人结肠癌SW620细胞增殖及糖酵解的影响.方法 以SW620细胞为研究对象,用0.625～2.5 μmoL/L精脒(SPD)作用于细胞,细胞密度以104个/mL接种于96孔培养板,分别培养24 h后,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;同时,取6孔板培养24 h的细胞上清液,用试剂盒检测SW620细胞葡萄糖消耗及乳酸水平;细胞密度以1.2× 105个/mL接种于6孔培养板中,培养24 h后加入不同浓度SPD,继续培养24 h后,Western blot检测缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDHA)及葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)表达的变化.结果 与对照组比较,精脒各浓度组均能促进SW620细胞的增殖(P＜0.01),且促进作用呈剂量依赖性;精脒各浓度组作用后SW620细胞内葡萄糖的消耗及乳酸含量明显增多(P＜0.01),呈剂量依赖性;与对照组比较,LDHA、HIF-1及GLUT1蛋白表达水平随着精脒浓度的升高而增加(P＜0.01),且呈剂量依赖性.结论 精脒具有促进人结肠癌SW620细胞增殖及糖酵解的作用.     

Mechanisms of toxicity associated with six tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human hepatocyte cell lines

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of certain cancers. They are usually well tolerated, but can cause adverse reactions including liver injury. Currently, mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are only partially clarified. We therefore aimed at investigating the toxicity of regorafenib, sorafenib, ponatinib, crizotinib, dasatinib and pazopanib on HepG2 and partially on HepaRG cells. Regorafenib and sorafenib strongly inhibited oxidative metabolism (measured by the Seahorse‐XF24 analyzer) and glycolysis, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis and/or necrosis of HepG2 cells at concentrations similar to steady‐state plasma concentrations in humans. In HepaRG cells, pretreatment with rifampicin decreased membrane toxicity (measured as adenylate kinase release) and dissipation of adenosine triphosphate stores, indicating that toxicity was associated mainly with the parent drugs. Ponatinib strongly impaired oxidative metabolism but only weakly glycolysis, and induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells at concentrations higher than steady‐state plasma concentrations in humans. Crizotinib and dasatinib did not significantly affect mitochondrial functions and inhibited glycolysis only weakly, but induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Pazopanib was associated with a weak increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation and inhibition of glycolysis without being cytotoxic. In conclusion, regorafenib and sorafenib are strong mitochondrial toxicants and inhibitors of glycolysis at clinically relevant concentrations. Ponatinib affects mitochondria and glycolysis at higher concentrations than reached in plasma (but possibly in liver), whereas crizotinib, dasatinib and pazopanib showed no relevant toxicity. Mitochondrial toxicity and inhibition of glycolysis most likely explain hepatotoxicity associated with regorafenib, sorafenib and possibly pazopanib, but not for the other compounds investigated.     

Müller细胞在视网膜糖酵解作用机制中的研究进展

糖酵解是生物通过在细胞内对糖的分解代谢获取部分能量的一种途径,视网膜的病理性改变多与能量代谢相关,视网膜Müller细胞是正常视网膜功能及几乎所有形式的视网膜损伤和疾病的参与者,Müller细胞在调控视网膜病变的病理过程中与糖酵解前体代谢产物之间有着密切关系。本文就视网膜及其Müller细胞与糖酵解前体代谢产物的作用机制进行归纳总结,为视网膜病变的治疗提供新的研究思路。     

Bioenergetic medicine

Here we discuss a specific therapeutic strategy we call ‘bioenergetic medicine’. Bioenergetic medicine refers to the manipulation of bioenergetic fluxes to positively affect health. Bioenergetic medicine approaches rely heavily on the law of mass action, and impact systems that monitor and respond to the manipulated flux. Since classically defined energy metabolism pathways intersect and intertwine, targeting one flux also tends to change other fluxes, which complicates treatment design. Such indirect effects, fortunately, are to some extent predictable, and from a therapeutic perspective may also be desirable. Bioenergetic medicine-based interventions already exist for some diseases, and because bioenergetic medicine interventions are presently feasible, new approaches to treat certain conditions, including some neurodegenerative conditions and cancers, are beginning to transition from the laboratory to the clinic.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8     

Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in neuronal HT22 cells resistant to oxidative stress

Background and Purpose

The hippocampal cell line HT22 is an excellent model for studying the consequences of endogenous oxidative stress. Extracellular glutamate depletes cellular glutathione by blocking the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc−. Glutathione depletion induces a well-defined programme of cell death characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Experimental Approach

We compared the mitochondrial shape, the abundance of mitochondrial complexes and the mitochondrial respiration of HT22 cells, selected based on their resistance to glutamate, with those of the glutamate-sensitive parental cell line.

Key Results

Glutamate-resistant mitochondria were less fragmented and displayed seemingly contradictory features: mitochondrial calcium and superoxide were increased while high-resolution respirometry suggested a reduction in mitochondrial respiration. This was interpreted as a reverse activity of the ATP synthase under oxidative stress, leading to hydrolysis of ATP to maintain or even elevate the mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting these cells endure ineffective energy metabolism to protect their membrane potential. Glutamate-resistant cells were also resistant to oligomycin, an inhibitor of the ATP synthase, but sensitive to deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of hexokinases. Exchanging glucose with galactose rendered resistant cells 1000-fold more sensitive to oligomycin. These results, together with a strong increase in cytosolic hexokinase 1 and 2, a reduced lactate production and an increased activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, suggest that glutamate-resistant HT22 cells shuttle most available glucose towards the hexose monophosphate shunt to increase glutathione recovery.

Conclusions and Implications

These results indicate that mitochondrial and metabolic adaptations play an important role in the resistance of cells to oxidative stress.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8     

Metformin and male reproduction: effects on Sertoli cell metabolism

Background and Purpose

Metformin is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). While new clinical applications have been ascribed to metformin, including treatment of anovulatory infertility, its effects on male reproduction have not been investigated. The Sertoli cell (SC) is crucial for germ cell development, exerting metabolic control of spermatogenesis, therefore, we investigated the effects of metformin on SC metabolism.

Experimental Approach

Rat SCs were cultured in the absence and presence of metformin (5, 50 and 500 μM). mRNA and protein levels of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK 1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) were determined by quantitative PCR and Western blot respectively. LDH activity was assessed and metabolite production/consumption determined by ¹H-NMR.

Key Results

Metformin (50 μM) decreased mRNA and protein levels of GLUT1, GLUT3, MCT4 and PFK 1 but did not affect LDH mRNA or protein levels. However, although glucose consumption was maintained in metformin-treated cells, LDH activity, lactate and alanine production were increased, indicating an enhanced glycolytic flux. No metabolic cytotoxicity was detected in SCs exposed to supra-pharmacological concentration of metformin.

Conclusions and Implications

Our results indicate that metformin: (i) decreases mRNA and protein levels of glycolysis-related transporters in SCs but increases their activity; and (ii) stimulates alanine production, which induces antioxidant activity and maintains the NADH/NAD⁺ equilibrium. The increased lactate in metformin-treated SCs provides nutritional support and has an anti-apoptotic effect in developing germ cells. Thus, metformin can be considered as a suitable antidiabetic drug for male patients of reproductive age with T2D.