儿童变应性鼻炎中药临床试验设计与评价技术指南

《儿童变应性鼻炎中药临床试验设计与评价技术指南》为中华中医药学会标准化项目《儿科系列常见病中药临床试验设计与评价技术指南》之一。其目的是以临床价值为导向，在病证结合模式下，讨论具有变应性鼻炎、儿童和中药特点的临床定位、试验设计与实施等相关问题，为中药治疗儿童变应性鼻炎临床试验设计与评价提供思路和方法。制定过程中先后成立指南工作组、起草专家组和定稿专家组，采用文献研究和共识会议的方法，最终形成指南送审稿定稿。该《指南》的主要内容包括临床定位、试验总体设计、诊断标准与辨证标准、受试者的选择与退出、干预措施、有效性评价、安全性观察、试验流程、试验的质量控制9部分。希望其制定和发布，能为申办者或合同研究组织、研究者在中药治疗变应性鼻炎的临床试验设计，提供借鉴与参考。     

Day case surgery guidelines

Day surgery is a continually developing and expanding specialty throughout the world. Technical improvements within surgery and anaesthesia allow increasingly complex procedures to be performed as day case surgery, with advantages to hospital and patient. The NHS Modernisation Agency recommends 75% of all surgical procedures performed in a Trust be as day case procedures. Day case surgery guidelines exist to assist and encourage departments in running an effective service. Day surgical units must select appropriate cases based on patient, surgical and social factors, via a preoperative assessment service usually run by specialist nurses, consultant surgeons and anaesthetists. Stable medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus do not preclude day case surgery. Patients are assessed individually. The obese patient must be carefully screened before being listed for day case surgery. Both general and regional anaesthesia have been shown to be safe and effective in day surgery patients. Achieving good analgesia and antiemesis is vital in ensuring patients are discharged on the day of surgery. Nurse-led discharge based on local departmental protocol is common practice. Both patient and GP must be issued postoperative instructions. Future expansion is likely to see selected emergency and semi-elective surgical patients managed as day case procedures.     

Facilitating comfort for hospitalized patients using non-pharmacological measures: Preliminary development of clinical practice guidelines

Nurses often use non-pharmacological measures to facilitate comfort for patients within the hospital setting. However, guidelines for use of these measures are commonly inadequate or absent. This paper presents 12 clinical practice guidelines that were developed from the findings of a literature review into non-pharmacological measures that are thought to facilitate patient comfort. The non-pharmacological measures addressed in these guidelines are: Aromotherapy, Distraction, Guided Imagery, Laughter, Massage, Music, Reiki, Heat or Cold, Meditation, Reflexology, Reposition and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. These are preliminary guidelines for the use of non-pharmacological measures and further research and development of such guidelines is recommended.     

Eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis in a cohort of children with severe bronchiolitis

In 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated their recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis for children who are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To investigate the potential impact of the more restrictive 2014 criteria on the eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis, we applied the 2012 and 2014 AAP recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis to a multicenter cohort of 2207 US children hospitalized for bronchiolitis. According to the 2012 AAP recommendations, 215 children (9.7%) were eligible for palivizumab prophylaxis, while 140 children (6.3%) would have been eligible based on the 2014 updated recommendations (34.9% relative decrease; 95%CI: 28.5–41.7%). The decrease was largely driven by the restriction of eligibility to preterm infants with gestational age <29 weeks. Further development of and refinement of cost‐effective approaches for the prevention of severe RSV infection are needed.     

Compliance With Dyslipidemia Guidelines in Daily Practice: How Effective Is Cardiovascular Risk Prevention?

Purpose

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis is the leading cause of early mortality and morbidity. The current European guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice recommend the use of the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) system. The current American Heart Association guidelines recommend the use of the new pooled cohort risk assessment equations to estimate the 10-year atherosclerotic CVD risk. The purpose of this article was to investigate the compliance of dyslipidemia guidelines in daily practice in patients with dyslipidemia or who have risk factors for CVD.

Priorities for Closing the Evidence-Practice Gaps in Poststroke Aphasia Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

Objective

To identify implementation priorities for poststroke aphasia management relevant to the Australian health care context.

Pediatric emergency department triage-based pain guideline utilizing intranasal fentanyl: Effect of implementation

Background

Pain management guidelines in the emergency department (ED) may reduce time to analgesia administration (TTA). Intranasal fentanyl (INF) is a safe and effective alternative to intravenous opiates. The effect of an ED pain management guideline providing standing orders for nurse-initiated administration of intranasal fentanyl (INF) is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pediatric ED triage-based pain protocol utilizing intranasal fentanyl (INF) on time to analgesia administration (TTA) and patient and parent satisfaction.

Application of the American College of Cardiology (ACC/AHA) 2017 Guideline for the Management of Hypertension in Adults and Comparison with the 2014 Eighth Joint National Committee Guideline

ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the 2017-ACC/AHA hypertension guideline with 2014-JNC-8 guideline in regard to the number of patients who are eligible for treatment and to determine the physicians’ adherence and the financial impact of implementing the new guideline.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted on adult patients who attended the hospital outpatient setting in UAE during January 1, 2018 till February 28, 2018. Adults who are diagnosed with hypertension and those with blood pressure (BP) levels based on two or more readings obtained on two or more different occasions were screened for inclusion into this study and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk was calculated. The two guidelines were compared with respect to the number of patients diagnosed with hypertension and eligible for treatment. Results were extrapolated to the UAE population. Financial impact of applying the 2017-ACC/AHA guideline was also evaluated.ResultsIn comparison with the JNC-8, the 2017-ACC/AHA guideline would increase the proportion of patients diagnosed with hypertension among UAE adults from 40.8% to 76.3% and the number of UAE adults recommended for antihypertensive medications would rise from 2.42 million (32.1%) to 4.71 million (62.5%). Among UAE adults, almost 4.42 million (58.6%) and 0.76 million (10.1%) would have BP above the target according to the 2017-ACC/AHA and JNC-8 guidelines, respectively. The expected increase in the cost of anti-hypertension medications prescribed for the new labeled cases according to 2017-ACC/AHA but not JNC-8 would reach 1.8 billion AED/year. For those who were recommended for antihypertensive medications, who had BP above target, the additional cost would reach 3.5 billion AED/year.ConclusionsThe current study reveals marked increase in the proportion of patients diagnosed with hypertension in concordance with the 2017-ACC/AHA guideline. This is also will be associated with almost double the number of UAE adults recommended for antihypertensive medications. The poor compliance with the 2017-ACC/AHA reflects the concern regarding the increase risk of adverse events.