Black South African children's understanding of health and illness: colds,chicken pox,broken arms and AIDS

PURPOSE: To examine the understanding of both health and illness (colds, broken arms, chicken pox, AIDS) in the same black South African children METHOD: The sample included 60 children (30 were 5-year-olds and 30 were 9-year-olds) selected by simple random sampling from a rural primary school. They were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview schedule, about their understanding of health issues and their exposure to learning about health or sickness. RESULTS: Differences across age in children's expressed understanding of health and illnesses were found. The 9-year-olds were more likely to give objective signs of chicken pox and AIDS than the 5-year-olds. They also knew more about objective symptoms of colds, chicken pox and AIDS, and were more likely to mention non-observable signs of colds and broken arms. Although there were no differences between the two age groups regarding 'knowing' strategies for avoiding illnesses, the older children had a more accurate knowledge about preventive measures than the younger children. The understanding of AIDS followed the same developmental sequence reported for children's understanding of general physical illness. CONCLUSION: The results have implications for the creation of developmentally appropriate and effective health and AIDS education curricula for primary and elementary grades.     

Volume-selective 3D turbo spin echo imaging for vascular wall imaging and distensibility measurement

PURPOSE: To use a volume-selective 3D turbo spin echo (TSE) technique to image the carotid artery wall and measure distensibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A high-resolution volume-selective 3D TSE sequence has been developed. Volume selection is accomplished by orthogonal gradients for the 90 degrees and 180 degrees excitations and allows a 3D volume of vessel wall to be imaged in a relatively short time. The technique has been developed to allow imaging at any defined phase of the cardiac cycle so that the vascular function and distensibility can be studied. RESULTS: Scan efficiency is increased by the reduced phase encode field of view (FOV) (k(y) steps) by the use of selective volume excitation. Significantly more slices (k(z) phase encode steps) for vessel coverage can be acquired with the same scan time as that of the conventional sequence while maintaining signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. The practical value of the technique was demonstrated on 10 normal subjects with high-resolution vessel distensibility measurements of the carotid arteries. CONCLUSION: A volume-selective TSE method has been used for carotid artery wall imaging and measurement of distensibility in normal subjects. Larger coverage of the vessel, and therefore more information for clinical diagnostics, was achieved with the same overall scan time with an SNR comparable to that of 2D full FOV images.     

Double inversion black-blood fast spin-echo imaging of the human heart: a comparison between 1.5T and 3.0T

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of blood suppression and the quality of black-blood cardiac images acquired at 3.0 Tesla using a double-inversion recovery fast spin-echo sequence by comparing data acquired at 3.0T to data acquired at 1.5T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Black-blood T2-weighted fast spin-echo images of the heart were acquired from five normal volunteers at 1.5T and five normal volunteers at 3.0T. Region-of-interest signal intensity measurements were performed at several locations in the suppressed blood regions of the left and right ventricles and around the left ventricle walls to assess the effectiveness and uniformity of the blood suppression, the myocardial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the signal uniformity at both field strengths. B1 field maps were produced in phantoms and in subjects at both field strengths. RESULTS: Blood suppression performance is equivalent at 1.5T and 3.0T. The improvement in SNR at 3.0T compared with 1.5T is less than has been predicted in previous studies. The signal uniformity is significantly poorer at 3.0T than at 1.5T due to dielectric effects and shorter radio frequency wavelengths (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Spin-echo and spin-echo echo-train sequences that perform well at 1.5T will produce large signal variations in the chest cavity at 3.0T without modifications. B1 insensitive methods must be explored and implemented for spin-echo sequences to fully realize the advantages of using these sequences for high-field MRI.     

绿茶和红茶多酚对大鼠脂肪分化相关基因表达影响的比较研究

目的:比较绿茶多酚(GTP)和红茶多酚(BTP)抗肥胖作用及其分子机制。方法:将实验大鼠分为空白对照组,高脂饲料+GTP组,高脂饲料+BTP组,高脂饲料组,定期检测体重,喂饲3个月后,观察脂肪组织和血脂水平变化,并提取附睾脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR技术观察与脂肪细胞分化相关的基因pref-1,aP2,TNF-α,瘦素,PPAR-γ,C/EBP-α在mRNA水平的表达。结果:GTP和BTP均能明显降低体重,减少脂肪。同时,GTP和BTP均能显著地抑制脂肪细胞特殊标记物aP2,TNF-α,瘦素,但两者之间无统计学差异。此外,GTP还上调前脂肪细胞标记物pref-1,且下调转录因子PPAR-γ。结论:GTP和BTP均可通过调节与脂肪细胞分化相关的基因,逆转脂肪细胞的分化,达到抗肥胖的作用,且GTP抗肥胖作用强于BTP。     

交流阻抗谱在聚乙烯/碳黑导电复合材料导电机理研究中的应用

用交流阻抗谱论证了聚乙烯/碳黑(PE/CB)导电复合材料的网络导电机理,分析了热处理过程对复合材料电性能的影响。通过在不同频率和低电压下测定热处理前后及不同长度的导电复合材料样品的导电能力(A)、导电方式(B)和电阻值(Ra Rc),证明了材料内部存在着直通碳链、小间隙的碳链和大间隙的碳链,呈现三维网络导电结构。     

退热贴凝胶剂制备工艺的研究

目的优选退热贴凝胶剂最佳成型工艺。方法以正交法设计实验,对比凝胶剂的均匀性、可涂展性、残留性、剥离强度、皮肤粘贴性、搅拌时间、搅拌速度、黏度与pH的关系、基质各组分的添加顺序进行实验研究。同时对最佳含水量进行单因素考察。结果优选出制备工艺的最佳条件,搅拌时间420 min,搅拌速度600 r.min-1;增稠剂组分先与胶粘剂组分混合,最后再加入黏度调节剂组分;膏体含水量为45%~53%时粘贴性能好,pH5.0~7.0时粘贴性能最佳。结论应用该法制备的退热贴凝胶剂配方合理,粘性有显著改善,产品符合《中国药典》2005年版的规定。     

侯氏黑散的临床应用

观察总结侯氏黑散的临床应用,侯氏黑散在临床中广泛应用于高血压病、高脂血症、颈椎病、类风湿性关节炎、美尼尔氏综合征、慢性结肠炎、支气管哮喘、面神经炎等疾病,收到了较好疗效,文章结合历代医家的论述,探究本方的作用机制和组方规律,以便更好地应用于临床。     

膳食补充黑米皮对冠心病患者血浆中氧化应激、炎症和脂质水平的影响

[目的]给予冠心病患者日常膳食中补充黑米米皮,评价其是否可以增强患者体内的抗氧化能力并降低其炎症及血脂水平。[方法]在中山大学附属第二医院心血管内科选取60例年龄为45～75岁的冠心病患者,采用随机对照原则将患者分入2组,30例在常规治疗的基础上每日膳食额外补充10g黑米米皮为干预组,余30例在常规治疗的基础上每日膳食额外补充10g白米米皮为对照组。此外,分别从干预组及对照组中选取3名志愿者,在受试者进食前和进食后0.5、1、1.5、2、4h采肘静脉血10mL,通过HPLC法检测患者血浆中的花色苷水平。[结果]经6个月的干预试验后,干预组患者血浆总抗氧化能力升高了（1.3±3.0）kU/L,而对照组则降低了（0.6±1.7）kU/L,两组间患者总抗氧化能力水平的变化值具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;干预组患者治疗后血浆可溶性血管细胞粘附因子、可溶性CD40配体和高敏-C反应蛋白分别从（1.4±0.8）g/L、（8.4±4.1）mg/L和（3.8±1.8）mg/L降至（1.0±0.5）g/L、（5.7±2.4）mg/L和（2.6±1.7）mg/L,与对照组相比较均具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;而两组患者间的血脂、超氧化物歧化酶活性水平的治疗效果无统计学差异。此外,只有在服用了黑米米皮患者血浆中能检测到花色苷（矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷）,其在血浆中的最高浓度为（20.2±3.0）mg/L出现在1.5h,而服用白米米皮的患者血浆中在所有的时间段都未检测到任何的花色苷产物。[结论]膳食补充黑米皮可以作为药物治疗的一种辅助和补充从而增强冠心病患者血浆中的抗氧化能力并改善部分与心血管疾病相关的危险因素,黑米皮对于冠心病患者的保护作用可能与其富含具有抗氧化和抗炎特性的花色苷类物质有关。     

论“以色治色”法及其在皮肤健康产品研发中的思路

皮肤健康是美容学关注的一个重要方面，随着社会需求的不断增大，传统中医药在保健养护方面应发挥优势。在象思维指导下形成的“以色治色”法，也称中医色治法，是指用与皮损颜色相反或相生颜色的中药来治疗疾病的一种方法，体现了中医的独特思维和诊疗方式，在皮肤健康领域具有实用价值。本研究概述了“以色治色”法的形成与应用，分析总结“以白治黑”“以黑治白”法的经典方剂及其组方特点，其中，“以白治黑”的常用药物包括白芷、白蔹、白术、白茯苓、白及、白附子等，“以黑治白”的常用药物包括何首乌、地黄、黑芝麻、墨旱莲、女贞子、桑椹等。在此基础上，提出“以色治色”法是皮肤健康养护的一个特色治法，将有力指导产品研发，包括健康食品、化妆品、保健食品、中药新药等，并从进一步发掘“以色治色”法的理论内涵、加强药材色泽成因与效应的基础研究、推进“以色治色”法指导下的皮肤健康产品研发等3个方面进行了详细阐述，为中药皮肤健康产品研发提供参考。