A systemic perspective on children’s emotional insecurity in relation to father: links to parenting,interparental conflict and children’s social well-being

ABSTRACT

Focusing on the father-child-relationship in a family systems perspective, this paper investigates longitudinal links of parenting, interparental conflict, and positive regard by both parents, to their emotional insecurity with father and mother. Furthermore, to clarify fathers’ contribution to children’s social development, aspects of the relationship to both parents are jointly considered. The sample was drawn from the German family panel pairfam and included 372 family triads with parents’ and children’s self-reports. Findings revealed consistent associations between interparental conflict and lack of positive regard and emotional insecurity, while parenting had no independent links with children’s emotional insecurity or social adjustment. Controlling for the stability of child outcomes, interparental conflict predicted children’s lower prosocial behavior and higher peer rejection. In addition, peer rejection was predicted by children’s emotional insecurity with father. The findings are in line with the emotional security hypothesis and highlight the importance of the father-child-relationship for developing positive peer relationships.     

动物实验模型中多极导管心室除颤系统电除颤对心脏功能的影响

评价新型的双极和三极导管自动心室除颤系统电除颤对左心室收缩和舒张功能的影响。动物麻醉后,在X光机指导下,分别在10只犬心脏内装置双极导管自动除颤系统（组Ⅰ）;在10只猪心脏内装置三极导管自动除颤系统（组Ⅱ）;并行电除颤试验。使用食管超声心动图在电除颤前后记录二维、M型和多谱勒超声图像。组I动物接受4次电除颤,电量为64J;组Ⅱ接受平均8次电除颤,电量为210J。结果显示：左室收缩面积分数、左室等容舒张时间和二尖瓣血流E波与A波速度比值以及时间-流速积分比值等反映左室舒缩功能的指标在两组动物除颤后均无显著改变。研究表明：两种经静脉导管自动心室除颤系统中反复低能量心内膜电除颤对左室舒缩功能无明显损伤作用;研究结果为经静脉多极导管自动心室除颤系统在临床的应用和电生理研究提供了可靠的实验数据。     

Evaluation of the WIDER I system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the WIDER I system for susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae . MICs of 12 antimicrobials against 42 H. influenzae and 58 S. pneumoniae strains were determined using 1W MIC panels and compared with those obtained by microdilution. Overall essential agreements were >99%. Very major errors were not detected. Major errors occurred with ampicillin (1.7% H. influenzae ). Minor errors were 2.3% (amoxicillin–clavulanate, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol), 7.1% (ampicillin) and 16.7% (clarithromycin) for H. influenzae , and 1.7% (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, meropenem), 3.4% (amoxicillin–clavulanate, cefuroxime, tetracycline) and 8.6% (levofloxacin) for S. pneumoniae . The WIDER I system is a reliable method for susceptibility testing of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae .     

Annexin A7的生物学特性及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

Annexin A7（膜联蛋白A7）能促进膜的结合、聚集以及融合，在细胞信号转导过程中发挥重要作用。近年来研究表明，其表达异常与前列腺癌、乳腺癌、转移性黑色素瘤以及多形性胶质细胞瘤的发生发展有关。Annexin A7表达不足促进癌症发生，可能是因为基因组不稳定性通过离散信号通路而累及其他肿瘤抑制基因、DNA修复基因以及与凋亡相关的基因。     

Genetics,systems, and alcohol

Under a variety of rubrics (e.g., complexity, self-constructing systems, dissipative structures), interest has recently burgeoned in applying principles of complex systems to a wide variety of scientific issues. A major concern is with emergent properties of systems not derivable from the properties of components of the systems. In this paper, some elementary aspects of systems considerations are applied to phenomena of alcohol pharmacogenetics. It is likely that whole new families of informative phenotypes can be generated by this approach.     

Two Methods for Identifying Wiener Cascades Having Noninvertible Static Nonlinearities

Two methods are proposed for identifying the component elements of a Wiener cascade that is comprised of a dynamic linear element (L) followed by a static nonlinearity (N). Both methods avoid potential problems of instability in a procedure presented by Paulin [M. G. Paulin, Biol. Cybern. 69: 67–76, 1993], which itself is a modification of a method described earlier by Hunter and Korenberg [I. W. Hunter and M. J. Korenberg, Biol. Cybern. 55: 135–144, 1996]. The latter method is a rapidly convergent iterative procedure that produces accurate estimates of the L and N elements from short data records, provided that the static nonlinearity N is invertible. Subsequently, Paulin introduced a modification that removed this limitation and enabled identification of Wiener cascades with nonmonotonic static nonlinearities. However, Paulin presented his modification employing an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model representation for the dynamic linear element. To remove the possibility that the estimated ARMA model could be unstable, we recast the procedure by utilizing instead a rapid method for finding an impulse response representation for the dynamic linear element. However, in this form the procedure did not have good convergence properties, so we introduced two key ideas, both of which provide effective alternatives for identifying Wiener cascades whether or not the static nonlinearities therein are invertible. The new procedures are illustrated on challenging examples involving high-degree polynomial static nonlinearities, of odd or even symmetry, a high-pass linear element, and output noise corruption of 50%. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8710+e, 0210Nj, 0250-r     

Avoidance conditioning in rats following changes in activity of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain

Bilateral coagulation of the ventral noradrenergic pathways of the brain in male rats of the Wistar strain disrupted the conditioned passive avoidance response after unconditioned stimulation with a current of 0.75 mA. Injecting 10 mg/kg galantamine into these rats 20 min before training and increasing the unconditioned stimulus to 3 mA improved subsequent avoidance responses. Injecting galantamine under analogous conditions into normal rats impaired this reaction. Disruption of the conditioned avoidance response following the operation may be due to a change in the intracentral interrelation of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 297–302, March, 1982.     

Human perception of horizontal trunk and head rotation in space during vestibular and neck stimulation

Summary The vestibular signal of head motion in space must be complemented by a neck signal of the trunk-to-head excursion in order to provide the individual with information on trunk motion in space. This consideration led us to study psychophysically the role of vestibular-neck interaction for human self-motion perception. Subjects (Ss) were presented with passive horizontal rotations of their trunk and/or head (sinusoidal rotations, f=0.025 –0.4 Hz) in the dark for vestibular and neck stimulation, as well as for combinations of both. Ss' perception was evaluated in terms of gain (veridical perception of stimulus magnitude, G=1), phase, and detection threshold. (1) Perception of trunk rotation in space. During vestibular stimulation (whole-body rotation) and neck stimulation (trunk rotation with the head kept stationary) the frequency-transfer characteristics underlying this perception were very similar. The gain fell short; it was only about 0.7 at 0.4 and 0.2 Hz stimulus frequency and was further attenuated with decreasing frequency. In contrast, the phase was close to that of actual trunk position. The gain attenuation was found to be a function of the peak angular velocity of the stimulus, a fact, which we related to a velocity threshold of the order of 1 deg/s. During the various vestibular-neck combinations used, Ss' perception was again erroneous, reflecting essentially the sum of its two non-ideal constituents. However, there was one noticeable exception; during the combination head rotation on stationary trunk, Ss veridically perceived their trunk as stationary (compatible with the notion that the sum yielded zero). (2) Perception of head rotation in space. During vestibular stimulation, Ss' estimates showed the same non-ideal gain-vs.-frequency characteristics as described above for the trunk. Neck stimulation induced an illusion as if the head had been rotated in space. This neck contribution was such that, when it was combined with its vestibular counterpart during head rotation on stationary trunk, the perception became almost veridical. On closer inspection, however, this neck contribution was found to reflect the sum of two components; one was the non-ideal neck signal contributing to the perception of trunk in space, the other was an almost ideal neck signal of head-on-trunk rotation. (3) The results could be described by a simple model. In this model, the erroneous vestibular signal head in space is primarily used to create an internal representation of trunk in space. To this end, it is combined with the closely matching neck signal of trunk to head. The perception of head rotation in space is achieved by summing this trunk in space signal with the almost ideal head on trunk signal, again of nuchal origin. These seeming complex interactions have two implications: (i) the head is referred to trunk coordinates, whereas the trunk is referred to space coordinates; (ii) there is at least one condition in the dark where orientation is correct (despite an erroneous vestibular signal), i.e., during head rotation on stationary trunk.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 325     

Eye movement disorders after frontal eye field lesions in humans

Eye movements were recorded electro-oculographically in three patients with a small ischemic lesion affecting the left frontal eye field (FEF) and in 12 control subjects. Reflexive visually guided saccades (gap and overlap tasks), antisaccades, predictive saccades, memory-guided saccades, smooth pursuit and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were studied in the three patients. Staircase saccades and double step saccades were also studied in one of the three patients. For both leftward and rightward saccades, latency in the overlap task (but not in the gap task) and that of correct antisaccades and of memory-guided saccades was significantly increased, compared with the results of controls. There was a significant decrease in the amplitude gain of all rightward saccades programmed using retinotopic coordinates (gap and overlap tasks, predictive and memory-guided saccades), whereas the amplitude gain of corresponding leftward saccades was preserved. Such an asymmetry between leftward and rightward saccades was significant. In the staircase paradigm as well as for the first saccade in the double step paradigm (with the use of retinotopic coordinates in both cases), the amplitude gain of rightward saccades was also significantly lower than that of leftward saccades. Moreover, in the double step paradigm, the amplitude gain of the first rightward saccade was significantly lower than that of the second rightward saccade (programmed using extraretinal signals), which was preserved. The percentage of errors in the antisaccade task did not differ significantly from that of normal subjects. In the predictive saccade paradigm, the percentage of predictive rightward saccades was significantly decreased. The left smooth pursuit gain for all tested velocities, the right smooth pursuit gain for higher velocities, and the left OKN gain were significantly decreased. The results show, for the first time in humans, that the FEF plays an important role in (1) the disengagement from central fixation, (2) the control of contralateral saccades programmed using retinotopic coordinates, (3) saccade prediction and (4) the control of smooth pursuit and OKN, mainly ipsilaterally. In contrast, the left FEF did not appear to be crucial for the control of the only type of saccades programmed using extraretinal signals studied here.