From the Cover: Near-linear cost increase to reduce climate-change risk

One approach in climate-change policy is to set normative long-term targets first and then infer the implied emissions pathways. An important example of a normative target is to limit the global-mean temperature change to a certain maximum. In general, reported cost estimates for limiting global warming often rise rapidly, even exponentially, as the scale of emission reductions from a reference level increases. This rapid rise may suggest that more ambitious policies may be prohibitively expensive. Here, we propose a probabilistic perspective, focused on the relationship between mitigation costs and the likelihood of achieving a climate target. We investigate the qualitative, functional relationship between the likelihood of achieving a normative target and the costs of climate-change mitigation. In contrast to the example of exponentially rising costs for lowering concentration levels, we show that the mitigation costs rise proportionally to the likelihood of meeting a temperature target, across a range of concentration levels. In economic terms investing in climate mitigation to increase the probability of achieving climate targets yields “constant returns to scale,” because of a counterbalancing rapid rise in the probabilities of meeting a temperature target as concentration is lowered.     

综合管理体系在山东口岸卫生检疫工作中的应用

目的进一步提高口岸卫生检疫工作依法行政能力。方法分析总结山东口岸卫生检疫综合管理体系筹备、动员和实施等过程的经验,探讨如何完善口岸卫生检疫综合管理体系建设。结果综合管理体系的建立有利于系统梳理卫生检疫工作流程,形成持续改进的机制,提高工作质量。结论构建综合管理体系对于卫生检疫执法工作的规范化、科学化建设具有积极的意义。     

三种非线性趋势项的提取方法在生物医学信号分析中的应用

在生物医学信号的分析中往往需要将信号中的趋势成分和非趋势成分进行分离来实现不同的信号分析及应用的目的。该文介绍了三种应用在生物医学信号处理中的用于分离非平稳信号中的非线性趋势的分析方法：小波分析法,经验模式分析法和平滑先验法的原理,并应用它们对三种实际的生物医学信号的数据进行趋势信号与非趋势信号分离的应用举例。提示在非线性的趋势分析中,可根据不同的分析目的和不同的信号特征来选择不同的方法进行应用。     

探究Neuman系统模式和Orem自护理论在特殊老年人护理中的联合应用

目的：观察Neuman系统模式和Orem自护理论联合应用与高血压患者护理的临床价值。方法：选择100例高血压患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组50例采取常规护理,观察组50例联合Neuman系统模式与Orem自护理论。对比护理前后患者的血压以及生活质量维度的变化情况。结果：观察组护理后血压明显低于对照组,生活质量维度评分明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：Neuman系统模式和Orem自护理论联合应用于高血压患者可以在控制血压的同时改善生活质量。     

腰椎后路手术围手术期多模式镇痛的临床评价

目的：观察多模式镇痛方案在腰椎后路手术围手术期中的镇痛效果。方法：随机选择128例腰行椎后路手术患者,分为A、B两组,A组采用多模式镇痛方案,B组采用传统镇痛方案,记录两组患者术后不同时间VAS评分和第一次平卧翻身、下地时间,进行统计学分析。结果：A组术后各个时间段VAS评分和第一次平卧翻身、下床活动时间均低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：腰椎后路手术围手术期应用多模式镇痛方案取得良好的临床效果,利于术后康复锻炼。     

经肘前路可吸收钉治疗肱骨小头骨折

目的：探讨经肘前路可吸收钉治疗肱骨小头骨折的疗效和方法。方法：从2008年5月-2014年2月在本院对14例Ⅰ型（Haln-Steinthal骨折）肱骨小头骨折患者采用经肘前路可吸收钉治疗,所有患者均为新鲜闭合性骨折,外伤原因为不慎摔伤,未合并血管、神经损伤。手术时间为伤后3～7 d。结果：术后所有患者均获得随访,时间为6～24个月,所有患者均取得骨性愈合,未出现神经症状、骨化性肌炎、肱骨小头坏死、创伤性关节炎、内固定松动等并发症。根据改良Cassebaum评分标准评定肘关节功能：优11例,良2例,可1例。结论：采用经肘前路可吸收钉治疗肱骨小头骨折,可直视下暴露及复位骨折块,复位准确,固定可靠、能早期功能锻炼,关节功能满意,且避免二期取内固定物。     

利用安卓智能移动设备助力医院设备管理

以医院信息网络为基础,利用安卓（Android）智能移动设备,开发平板电脑与无线局域网无缝连接的移动设备管理系统。系统的应用确保了设备的安全使用,提高了医疗设备的完好率和利用率,促进了医院数字化建设的发展。     

Isolated volar surgical approach for the treatment of perilunate and lunate dislocations

Background:

Volar and/or dorsal surgical approaches are used for surgical treatment of perilunate and lunate dislocations. There are no accepted approaches for treatment in the literature. We evaluated the functional results of isolated volar surgical approach for the treatment of perilunate and lunate dislocation injuries.

Materials and Methods:

9 patients (6 male and 3 female patients average age 34.5 ± 3.6 years) diagnosed with perilunate or lunate dislocations between January 2000 and January 2009 were involved in the study. The reduction was performed through isolated volar surgical approach and K-wire fixation, fracture stabilization with volar ligament repair was performed. Range of wrist joint motion, fracture healing, carpal stability, grip strength, return to work were evaluated and also direct radiographs were taken routinely at each control. The scapholunate interval and the scapholunate angle were evaluated radiographically. Evaluations of the clinical results were done using the DASH, VAS and Modified Mayo Wrist Scores.

Results:

The physical rehabilitation was started at 6^th week, after the K-wires were removed. The average followup was 18.2 months (range 12-28 months). At the final followup, the average flexion extension arc was 105.0 ± 9.6° (74.6% of the other side), the average rotation arc was 138.8 ± 7.8° (81.5% of the other side) and the average radioulnar arc was 56.1 ± 9.9° (86.4% of the other side). The grip strength was 0.55 bar; 83.2% that the uninjured arm. According to the Mayo Modified Wrist score, the functional result was excellent in five patients and good in four and the average DASH score was 22.8. The scapholunate interval was 2.1 mm and scapholunate angle was 51°.

Conclusion:

The clinical and radiological results of the isolated volar surgical approach were satisfactory. The dorsal approach was not needed for reduction of dislocations during operations. Our results showed that an isolated volar approach was adequate.     

Minimal invasive para-rectus approach for limited open reduction and percutaneous fixation of displaced acetabular fractures

Introduction

Minimal invasive fixation has been reported as an alternative option for treatment of acetabular fractures to avoid blood loss and complications of extensive approaches. Closed reduction and percutaneous lag screw fixation can be done in minimally displaced acetabular fractures. Open reduction is indicated, if there is wide displacement. In this study, we report the use of a mini-open anterior approach to manipulate and reduce anteriorly displaced transverse acetabular fractures combined with percutaneous lag screw fixation.

Methods

This report included eight patients. All had anterior displaced simple transverse acetabular fractures. An oblique mini-incision was made above and medial to the mid-inguinal point, and lateral to the lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle. The external abdominal oblique aponeurosis was incised along its fibres. The arched fibres of internal abdominal oblique were displaced medially above the inguinal ligament to expose and incise the fascia transversalis. Care was taken to avoid injury of ilioinguinal nerve, inferior epigastric vessels, and spermatic cord. The external iliac vessels were palpated and protected laterally. A blunt long bone impactor was introduced through this small incision to manipulate and reduce the fracture under fluoroscopic control. Fluoroscopic guided percutaneous lag screw fixation was done in all patients.

Results

The average time to operation was 4 days. Average blood loss was 110 mL. Operative time averaged 95 min. Maximum fracture displacement averaged 10 mm preoperatively and 1.3 mm postoperatively. According to Matta score, anatomical reduction of the fracture was achieved in five patients and imperfect in three. Follow up averaged 27 months. Wound healing occurred without complications and fracture union was achieved without secondary displacement in all patients. Average time to fracture healing was 14 weeks. According to the modified Merle d’Aubigné score, functional outcome was good to excellent in all patients.

Discussion and conclusion

Limited open reduction can solve the problem of fracture reduction, which is the main concern in minimal invasive fixation of acetabular fractures. It may help the inclusion of displaced acetabular fractures for percutaneous lag screw fixation. This mini-para-rectus approach has the advantages of minimal soft tissue dissection with the possible anatomical reduction of simple transverse displaced acetabular fractures.     

Does the CT improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for the AO,Fernandez and Universal classification systems for distal radius fractures?

Introduction

Distal radius fractures are very common upper limb injuries irrespective of the patient's age. The aim of our study is to evaluate the reliability of the three systems that are often used for their classification (AO – Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation, Fernandez and Universal) and to assess the need for computed tomography (CT) scan to improve inter- and intra-observer agreement.

Materials and methods

Five orthopaedic surgeons and two hand surgeons classified radiographs and CT scans of 26 patients using the Fernandez, AO and Universal systems. All data were recorded using MS Excel and Kappa statistics were performed to determine inter- and intra-observer agreement and to evaluate the role of CT scan.

Results

Fair-to-moderate inter-observer agreement was noted with the use of X-rays for all classification systems. Intra-observer reproducibility did not improve with the addition of CT scans, especially for the senior hand surgeons.

Conclusions

The agreement rates observed in the present study show that currently there is no classification system that is fully reproducible. Adequate experience is required for the assessment and treatment of these injuries. CT scan should be requested only by experienced hand surgeons in order to help guide treatment, as it does not significantly improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for all classification systems.