Case for staged thyroidectomy

Recent modifications in the management of well‐differentiated thyroid cancer have resulted in significant alterations in clinical approach. Utilizing a series of preoperative and postoperative risk factors involving both the patient and the disease pathology, we offer the term “staged thyroidectomy” to help organize these risk factors for patients and the endocrine team to optimize management. This approach is intended to incorporate our latest nuanced understanding of certain endocrine pathology and may serve to optimize patient outcomes.     

Thyroidectomy

This article discusses the procedure and technique for performing a thyroidectomy, explaining complications, potential pitfalls and methods of avoiding them. We discuss the indications for surgery and the preoperative workup required including for thyrotoxic patients and those with retrosternal goitres and give a brief overview of the minimally invasive techniques used. We also discuss the issues with informed patient consent and how thyroid surgeons are monitored in the UK.     

经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺全切除术治疗cN0甲状腺乳头状癌临床研究

目的 探讨经口腔前庭入路腔镜全甲状腺切除术（TOETVA）的有效性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月至2019年7月浙江大学医学院附属第二医院甲状腺外科收治的行全甲状腺切除术且病理学检查确诊为甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）的110例病人的临床资料,术前影像学检查提示无淋巴结转移（cN0）。其中51例行TOETVA（经口组）,59例行开放甲状腺手术（开放组）,对比两组临床病理学指标、手术效果以及随访情况。结果 两组病人术中喉返神经信号减弱比例、中央区淋巴结清扫数目、单双侧甲状腺清扫比例、淋巴结转移阳性率、阳性淋巴结数目及术后并发症（声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳、暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退及感染）差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。术后随访6个月,经口组与开放组病人的Tg和PTH水平差异无统计学意义（P=0.560、0.206）,且均未发现两组有甲状腺残留及甲状腺癌复发转移征象。结论 TOETVA在有效性及安全性方面不劣于开放手术,且体表无手术瘢痕,尤其适合有美容要求的临床低危PTC病人。     

Thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy requires meticulous dissection and the technique has changed over time. We discuss the gold standard and evolving new methods of performing a thyroidectomy and the common complications and difficulties associated with these. Retrosternal goitres present slightly different challenges. The preoperative assessment and characterization of these retrosternal goitres and the associated increased complication rates are discussed. New techniques to minimize these complications such as nerve monitoring are now more routinely being utilized and are described in this article.     

192例经乳腔镜困难甲状腺大部切除术的技巧探讨

目的探讨经乳腔镜困难性甲状腺大部切除手术方法与技巧。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2018年1月采取腔镜下经乳晕入路完成的困难性甲状腺大部切除手术192例,结合术者的体会和经验方法进行探讨。结果 8例因术中暴露止血困难、肿物过深过大等原因而中转开放手术;手术时间(126.8±7.6)min,术中出血量(102.3±2.6)ml;术后18例出现一过性低钙血症和9例出现声音嘶哑(其中6例术后2个月恢复,3例术后半年仍未恢复)。结论困难性甲状腺手术采用腔镜下经乳晕入路术式切除是安全可靠的,但必须充分掌握甲状腺的解剖结构及腔镜操作技术。     

Randomized controlled trial of alfacalcidol supplementation for the reduction of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perioperative alfacalcidol on postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy.MethodsA total of 219 patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy were randomized into groups not receiving (group A) or receiving (group B) perioperative alfacalcidol. Postoperative hypocalcemia was compared between groups on postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD2. Patients with hypocalcemia (<2.00 mmol/L) received oral calcium supplementation. Calcium and vitamin D levels were measured at 5-week and 6-month follow-ups.ResultsThe incidence of symptomatic hypocalcemia was significantly lower in group A (P = .02), whereas similarly low levels of calcemia were observed in both groups on POD1 (37% and 30%, respectively; P = not significant) and persisted on POD2 (14% and 6%, respectively; P = not significant). Patients with severe hypocalcemia (<1.90 mmol/L) showed faster recovery in group A compared with group B (6% vs 1%, P = .04). At 5 weeks, calcium and vitamin D levels were similar between the groups. Six months after surgery, 4% (group A) versus 0% (group B) of subjects exhibited permanent hypoparathyroidism (P = .04).ConclusionsAlthough the treatment did not correct vitamin D deficiency, perioperative alfacalcidol uptake resulted in decreased transient hypocalcemia and related symptoms in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy.     

腔镜甲状腺切除术中加长型Trocar的临床应用

目的 探讨全乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术中加长型Trocar的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析102例全乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除手术患者的临床资料,对比分析加长型Trocar组和普通型Trocar组患者术中颈胸部分离面积、手术时间、术中出血量、切口引流量、住院时间及术后并发症发生情况。结果 加长型Trocar组与普通型Trocar组相比,颈胸部分离面积小于后者（P＜0.05）,手术时间、术中出血量和术后引流量均明显短于或少于后者（P＜0.05）;普通型Trocar组并发症发生率明显高于加长型Trocar组（P＜0.05 ）。结论 加长型Trocar 应用于腔镜甲状腺手术可明显减小颈胸部分离面积,缩短手术时间,减少术后并发症的发生,值得推广应用。     

乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺切除术操作空间建立的研究

目的探讨在乳晕人路内镜下甲状腺切除术中建立操作空间的解剖平面。方法2012年6—12月45例行乳晕人路内镜下甲状腺切除术,注水针顶住胸骨柄在胸大肌浅筋膜的深面注射膨胀液,经胸骨上间隙进入颈深筋膜浅层后方建立操作空间。结果45例手术操作成功,分离操作空间的时间平均为6．8min（4～12min）。无神经及甲状旁腺损伤;无一例术后要求药物止痛;无皮肤灼伤、皮下瘀斑、皮下积液、颈部皮肤麻木;2例皮下脂肪液化经换药术后2周内治愈。术后颈部皮瓣水肿表现为胸骨上凹消失（38例）或隆起（7例）,1个月后均恢复正常,43例随访6～12个月,平均7．3月,诉颈部和胸壁皮肤绷紧感分别有24例和3例,在术后3～6个月内消失。结论在乳晕人路内镜下甲状腺切除术中,经胸大肌浅筋膜深面进入颈深筋膜浅层后方的方法建立操作空间简单、快速、暴露好,术后疼痛轻,皮肤并发症少。