星点设计－效应面法优化辣木籽油－β－环糊精包合物的制备工艺

目的：优化辣木籽油－β－环糊精包合物的制备工艺。方法通过搅拌法制备辣木籽油－β－环糊精包合物,将辣木籽油包合率和包合物收率二者的综合评分作为指标,采用星点设计法,设定三因素五水平考察包合温度、包合时间、β－环糊精与辣木籽油投料比对包合工艺的影响,并分别进行多元线性、二项式方程和三项式方程拟合,建立模型,效应面法选取最优工艺,最后通过紫外分光光度法对包合成功与否进行评价。结果辣木籽油－β－环糊精包合物包合工艺为：包合温度63℃、时间3．8h、β－环糊精与辣木籽油投料比5．95∶1,油的包合率和包合物收率预测值与实际值的偏差分别为1．24％和0．43％。结论以星点设计－效应面法建立的数学模型预测效果良好,该方法适用于辣木籽油－β－环糊精包合物的制备工艺优化。     

通关藤种子质量检验方法研究

目的研究通关藤Marsdenia tenacissima种子检验方法,为制定通关藤种子检验规程及质量分级提供依据。方法以当年采收的不同产地通关藤种子为材料,参照国际植物种子检验规程和中国农作物种子检验规程,对其质量进行检验,探索通关藤种子质量检验的方法。结果通关藤种子净度分析送检样本至少900 g,实验样品至少90 g;种子千粒质量测定选用五百粒法;含水量测定选用高恒温(133±2)℃烘干法,烘干时间为6 h;发芽前自来水浸种24 h,于砂中在30℃光照条件下做发芽实验,发芽计数时间为1~8 d;生活力测定采用0.1%TTC溶液染色,于恒温35℃黑暗条件下染色3 h。结论初步建立了包括扦样、净度分析、真实性鉴定、千粒质量、发芽条件、含水量及生活力7项指标在内的通关藤种子质量检验方法。     

Melatonin alleviates low PS I‐limited carbon assimilation under elevated CO2 and enhances the cold tolerance of offspring in chlorophyll b‐deficient mutant wheat

Melatonin is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and induction of cold tolerance in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of melatonin in modulation of carbon assimilation of wild‐type wheat and the Chl b‐deficient mutant ANK32B in response to elevated CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) and the transgenerational effects of application of exogenous melatonin (hereafter identified as melatonin priming) on the cold tolerance in offspring. The results showed that the melatonin priming enhanced the carbon assimilation in ANK32B under elevated [CO₂], via boosting the activities of ATPase and sucrose synthesis and maintaining a relatively higher level of total chlorophyll concentration in leaves. In addition, melatonin priming in maternal plants at grain filling promoted the seed germination in offspring by accelerating the starch degradation and improved the cold tolerance of seedlings through activating the antioxidant enzymes and enhancing the photosynthetic electron transport efficiency. These findings suggest the important roles of melatonin in plant response to future climate change, indicating that the melatonin priming at grain filling in maternal plants could be an effective approach to improve cold tolerance of wheat offspring at seedling stage.     

薏苡仁蛋白的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析

目的:比较酸沉前后蛋白种类的差异,获取薏苡仁蛋白分子量的信息。方法:采用碱溶酸沉法制备薏苡仁蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白,标准曲线法计算分子量信息。结果:得到了6种薏苡仁水溶性蛋白条带,确定了其分子量分别是91.598,77.169,39.839,28.977,23.822,16.100 k Da,对比了薏苡仁蛋白酸沉前后的变化,即酸沉后缺失了23.822 k Da和16.1 k Da两个条带。结论:该方法得到的谱图清晰,重现性好,对薏苡仁蛋白分离与分析的研究有着重要的指导意义。     

Effects of pomegranate seed oil on oxidative stress markers,serum biochemical parameters and pathological findings in kidney and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Purpose: Oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia is a major cause of diabetes complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on serum biochemical parameters, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy induced by diabetes mellitus.

Method: W/A adult rats were divided into four groups (12 each): group 1, received saline (1?mL/kg), group 2, received streptozotocin (STZ, 65?mg/kg, a single dose as i.p.), groups 3 and 4, received STZ?+?PSO (0.4 and 0.8?mL/kg, daily by gavage, respectively). After three weeks, six rats of each group and one week later the remaining animals were anesthetized, blood samples were taken for measuring serum biochemical parameters. Sections of heart and kidneys were used for histopathological studies and the remaining tissues were homogenized for measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl groups.

Results: Significant elevation of serum creatinine and urea, LDL, triglyceride, glucose levels as well as urine markers, MDA levels in tissue homogenates and a significant decrease in total thiol content and serum HDL were observed in STZ-treated group as compared with control group. PSO treatment resulted in a significant decrease in tissue MDA content, serum creatinine and urea levels as well as urine markers as compared with STZ-treated group. Lipid profile was ameliorated with PSO treatment. PSO also significantly reversed STZ-induced depletion in thiol content and histological abnormality. Effect of PSO was more specific at 28th than 21th days of study.

Conclusion: The results showed that PSO has a protective effect against diabetes complications in rats.     

西洋参种子休眠解除与磷酸戊糖途径关系的研究

目的：探讨磷酸戊糖代谢途径与西洋参种子休眠解除的关系。方法：用紫外分光光度法测定葡萄糖－6－磷酸脱氢酶（G6PDH）的活性，在340nm处测定吸光度，以每克鲜重5min吸光度的变化△D340/gfw.5min表示酶活性的大小。结果：层积初期，西洋参种子G6PDH活性水平很低，进入生理后熟期后，G6PDH活性迅速持续升高。G6PDH是磷酸戊糖途径（PPP）的关键酶，G6PDH的活性大小是PPP的限性因子，仅仅从G6PDH酶活性的变化尚不能肯定PPP就与参洋参种子休眠的解除有关，进一步的实验表明，呼吸抑制剂NaN3可以增加西洋参种子萌发过程中G6PDH的活性，加速西洋参种子休眠的解除，且低温NaN3的这种作用。结论：西洋参种胚后熟过程中，随着种的迅速生长，PPP在糖代谢途径中的作用越来大，最终导致休眠的解除。     

Defatted Sesame Seed Extract Reduces Brain Oedema by Regulating Aquaporin 4 Expression in Acute Phase of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in Rat

Brain oedema is the volumetric increase of brain tissue and is known to be linked to vascular factors, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and vascular permeability. Besides neuroprotection, inhibition of brain oedema also can be a method to protect the brain against ischaemic insult. Sesame is reported to have various beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. The neuroprotective effects of defatted sesame seed extract (DSE) in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat model were reported previously. The current study was planned to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of DSE is related to brain oedema. The tMCAo rat model was used to investigate the brain water content (BWC) and Evans blue (EB) leakage. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 expressions at 4 and 24 h after ischaemia were analysed. In vitro zymography was performed to investigate the effects on MMPs activities. DSE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced BWC but not EB leakage. DSE inhibited AQP4 expression at 4 h but not at 24 h after ischaemia. It did not show any effects on MMPs expressions and activities. Therefore, DSE might be effective on brain oedema by AQP4 regulation during the acute phase of ischaemia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Total free phenolic content and health relevant functionality of Indian wild legume grains: Effect of indigenous processing methods

In the present study, the total free phenolic content, antioxidant activity and type II diabetes-related enzyme inhibition properties of methanolic extracts of certain promising immature wild type under-utilized legume grains, such as Abrus precatorius L., Acacia leucopholea Willd., Bauhinia variegata L., Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC., Cassia floribunda Cav., Entada scandens Benth., Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz., Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Wight. and Tamarindus indica L., collected from South India, were investigated. The total free phenolic content of the investigated samples ranged between 4.24 and 8.75 g catechin equivalent/100 g extract dry matter (DM). The extracts showed promising ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP, 110–280 mmol Fe[II]/g extract), antioxidant activity (inhibition of β-carotene degradation, 32.37–57.69%) and radical scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH, 49.97–81.31%) and superoxide (42.21–61.65%). In all the studied seed materials, sprouting + oil-frying treatment revealed significantly higher total free phenolic content, antioxidant and type II diabetes relevant functionality, than open-pan roasting or soaking + cooking. Hence, sprouting + oil-frying is recommended as valuable processing method for the use of wild legume grains in the local production of supplementary foods with the potential to manage type II diabetes in the malnourished socio-economically weaker section of Indian population.     

Mustard seed (Sinapis Alba Linn) attenuates imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform inflammation of BALB/c mice

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with undefined etiology. All present treatments are symptomatic. The unsatisfactory outcome in the treatment of psoriasis is partially due to the poor compliance to the present therapies with more or less side‐effects. As is known, drug homologous food is a popular intervention of some chronic diseases in Chinese traditional medicine. Mustard seed, consumed largely as a spice and a medicine in China, has recently been found to possess the bioactivities of anti‐oxidation, anti‐inflammation and anticancer. Therefore, it was supposed that mustard seed may have effects on psoriasis, and it was preliminarily validated using a BALB/c mouse model of psoriasiform inflammation induced by the topical application of imiquimod cream (Aldara) for 6 days consecutively. It was found that the forage containing 5% mustard seed obviously attenuated imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform inflammation, but did not clear it completely, accompanied by reduced infiltrations of T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and macrophages in lesional skin; reduced percentages of pDC and macrophages in the composition of immunocytes of spleens; reduced content of lesion nuclear factor‐κB p65, plasma malondialdehyde, lesion inducible nitric oxide synthase, interferon‐α, interleukin (IL)‐17 and IL‐22 at mRNA and protein levels; increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase; and increased percentage of CD4⁺ T cells and increased ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells in the composition of immunocytes of spleen. These results presented herein provide a basis for mustard seed to be used as a promising intervention for psoriasis in the future.