蛇芪清毒颗粒提取液分离纯化工艺研究

目的:确定蛇芪清毒颗粒提取液分离纯化工艺。方法:通过醇沉法与高速离心-超滤联用技术法的对比实验,考查其黄芪甲苷保留率、总多糖保留率、固形物收率。结果:蛇芪清毒颗粒分离纯化工艺以高速离心-超滤法联用为较佳,选用转速18000r/min、相对分子量截留值20000的超滤膜。结论:该工艺分离纯化后的成品能降低服用量且保持原处方的有效性,适合于大生产中分离纯化。     

暑热宁合剂水提醇沉工艺研究

目的筛选暑热宁合剂水提醇沉最佳工艺条件。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定水煎液和醇沉液中葛根素的含量;以葛根素提取率和干膏率为评价指标,采用正交试验法考察加水量、煎煮时间、提取次数等因素对水提工艺的影响;同时考察醇沉浓度对醇沉工艺的影响。结果最佳水提工艺条件为加入10倍水,煎煮3次,每次1.5 h;最佳醇沉工艺条件为加入乙醇使含醇量达65%。结论优选的方法可为暑热宁合剂提取醇沉工艺提供实验依据。     

《中国药典(二部)》葡萄糖酸钙注射液重金属检查法探讨

目的改进葡萄糖酸钙注射液重金属检查法。方法采用2010年版《中国药典(二部)》重金属检查法,对4个陕西药厂生产的葡萄糖酸钙注射液的重金属进行检查,探讨制剂工艺中加入络合剂对重金属检查比色结果的影响,以及采用第二法进行重金属检查的葡萄糖酸钙注射液出现沉淀的原因。结果与结论建议国家药典委员会对2010年版《中国药典(二部)》重金属检查第二法进行修订。     

血液制品非正常原因报废调查分析

目的了解扬州市中心血站2006～2010年血液制品非正常报废状况。方法采用PASS3000XP安全输血标准化系统,按采血、成分制备、待检库及成品库报废信息等条件进行数据统计查询。结果全血少量550袋,占0．29％,渗漏或破袋130袋,占0．07％,脂浆2390袋,占1．27％,蛋白析出167袋,占0．09％。结论对于采供血不同过程中产生报废血液的原因不同,可针对性地采取相应措施,可在体检征询、初筛、采血、成分制备、成品血液贮存、运输、发放等诸多环节加以控制,避免血液的浪费。     

Observational evidence for volcanic impact on sea level and the global water cycle

It has previously been noted that there are drops in global sea level (GSL) after some major volcanic eruptions. However, observational evidence has not been convincing because there is substantial variability in the global sea level record over periods similar to those at which we expect volcanoes to have an impact. To quantify the impact of volcanic eruptions we average monthly GSL data from 830 tide gauge records around five major volcanic eruptions. Surprisingly, we find that the initial response to a volcanic eruption is a significant rise in sea level of 9 ± 3 mm in the first year after the eruption. This rise is followed by a drop of 7 ± 3 mm in the period 2–3 years after the eruption relative to preeruption sea level. These results are statistically robust and no particular volcanic eruption or ocean region dominates the signature we find. Neither the drop nor especially the rise in GSL can be explained by models of lower oceanic heat content. We suggest that the mechanism is a transient disturbance of the water cycle with a delayed response of land river runoff relative to ocean evaporation and global precipitation that affects global sea level. The volcanic impact on the water cycle and sea levels is comparable in magnitude to that of a large El Niño–La Niña cycle, amounting to ≈5% of global land precipitation.     

Preparation and characterization of homogeneous chitosan–polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering and evaluation of its mechanical properties

Homogeneous nanocomposites composed of hydroxyapatite and chitosan in the presence of polylactic acid were synthesized by a novel in situ precipitation method. The morphological and compositional properties of composites were investigated. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in a special rod-like shape with a diameter of about 50 nm and a length of about 300 nm were distributed homogeneously within the chitosan–polylactic acid matrix. The interaction between the organic matrix and the inorganic crystallite and the formation mechanism of the rod-like nanoparticles were also studied. The results suggested that the formation of the special rod-like nanoparticles could be controlled by a multiple-order template effect. High-resolution images showed that the rod-like inorganic particles were composed of randomly orientated subparticles about 10 nm in diameter. The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated by measuring their compressive strength and elastic modulus. The data indicated that the addition of polylactic acid can make homogeneous composites scaffold resist significantly higher stress. The elastic modulus of the composites was also improved by the addition of polylactic acid, which can make them more beneficial for surgical applications.     

藏药甘松多糖S的研究

目的对甘松多糖S(Nardostachys chinensis polysaccharide S,NCPS)的组成进行研究。方法采用水提醇沉法提取甘松多糖粗品,并通过乙醇分级沉淀,Sevage法除蛋白,葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱纯化;UV和IR等方法考察多糖性质,凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测法测定多糖的纯度和相对分子质量范围及分布,HPLC法鉴定单糖组成及其物质的量比值。结果得到一种淡黄色粉末NCPS。紫外光谱分析在195 nm波长处有明显吸收峰,在260、280 nm等处无吸收峰,表明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析,在3 412.15、2 934.10、1 642.11、1 438.96、1 242.67、1 103.54、830.86、636.12cm 1等处均有明显的多糖的特征吸收;其重均相对分子质量为7 082;NCPS主要由阿拉伯糖、木糖、果糖和葡萄糖组成,其物质的量的比值为0.69∶1.0∶3.92∶2.28。结论 NCPS为一种杂多糖,首次从甘松中分离得到。     

Adsorption of pharmaceutical excipients onto microcrystals of siramesine hydrochloride: Effects on physicochemical properties

A common challenge in the development of new drug substances is poor dissolution characteristics caused by low aqueous solubility. In this study, microcrystals with optimized physicochemical properties were prepared by precipitation in the presence of excipients, which adsorbed to the particle surface and altered particle size, morphology, and dissolution rate. The poorly water-soluble drug siramesine hydrochloride was precipitated by the antisolvent method in the presence of each of various polymeric and surface active excipients. Powder dissolution studies of six of the resulting particle systems showed a significant increase in percent dissolved after 15 min compared to the starting material.A quantitative determination of the amount of excipient adsorbed to the surface of the drug particles proved that only a very small amount of excipient was needed to exert a marked effect on particle properties. The adsorbed amount of excipient constituted less than 1.4% (w/w) of the total particle weight, and thus powders of very high drug loads were obtained. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), which exhibited the greatest degree of adsorption, also had the greatest effect on the physicochemical properties of the particles. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the surface composition and scanning electron microscopy studies on particle morphology suggested that the excipients adsorbed to specific faces of the crystals.     

Natural and technical factors in faecal contamination incidents of drinking water in small distribution networks, France, 2003-2004: a geographical study

This geographical study aimed to show natural or water-processing-related factors of faecal contamination incidents (FCIs) of drinking water in continental France. We defined a FCI as the occurrence of at least 20 colony-forming Escherichia coli or enterococci among all the 100 mL samples collected for regulatory purpose within one day from a given drinking water supply zone (SZ). We explored correlations between the standardized number of FCIs per département (N_Pols) and various indicators related to weather, land cover, topography, geology and water management for three SZ size sub-classes. In 2003–2004, 2,739 FCIs occurred in SZs supplying fewer than 2,000 people, mainly with simply disinfected groundwater. N_Pols correlates with four covariates: (1) precipitation; (2) the extension of the karst outcrops; (3) the extent of disinfection; and (4) catchment protection. One hundred millimetres of yearly excess in precipitation increases the pollution risk by 28–37%, depending on the sub-class. A 10% extension of the karst areas, a 10% increase of unprotected resources, or of SZs with no disinfection, could entail a higher risk of FCI by about 10%. The correlations are reproducible over the three sub-classes and corroborate expert appraisals. These results encourage the ongoing effort to generalize disinfection and catchment protection.