新型纳米粒给药系统——纳米结构的脂质载体

固体脂质纳米粒（SLN）已被公认是一种新型的纳米粒给药系统，但SLN有不同程度的潜在问题。作为新一代的纳米粒给药系统——纳米结构的脂质载体（Nanostructured lipid carriers，NLC）可减小或者避免SLN有限载药能力及储藏过程包封药物泄漏的问题，而且能调整SLN的释放曲线。NLC以固体脂质与物态上相异的液体脂质混合制备得到，形成3种类型特殊结构的脂质骨架：结晶不完全态、无定形态、复合态。现介绍一种特殊的制备方法，不仅适合于制备NLC，而且也可作为制备高粒子浓度（30％～95％）SLN分散液的方法。描述了NLC作为给药系统潜在的应用前景。     

慢性乙肝病毒携带者外周血T细胞亚群的变化及其与血清HBVDNA的关系研究

目的研究慢性乙肝病毒携带者（AsC）的细胞免疫功能变化及临床意义，探讨其与血清HBVDNA的关系。方法对120例慢性乙肝病毒携带者和60例健康人应用流式细胞仪直接免疫荧光法检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的百分率，并进行比较。结果乙肝病毒携带者外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞数百分率及CD4／CD8与健康对照组比较明显降低（P〈0．01）；CD8^＋细胞数百分率较健康对照组明显升高（P〈0．01）；血清HBVDNA（＋）组与HBVDNA（-）组相比，CD3^＋细胞数百分率无统计学差异（P〉0．05），CD4^＋细胞数百分率及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显降低（P〈0．01），CD8^＋细胞数百分率明显升高（P〈0．01）。将HBVDNA（＋）组按高、中、低病毒载量分组进行比较，各项指标均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。但CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋在数值上呈下降趋势，CD8^＋呈上升趋势。结论HBV感染后可导致乙肝病毒携带者细胞免疫功能降低，HBVDNA复制进一步加重紊乱。     

Cationic Polymer Based Gene Delivery Systems

Gene transfer to humans requires carriers for the plasmid DNA which canefficiently and safely carrythe gene into the nucleus of the desired cells. A series of chemically differentcationic polymers arecurrently being investigated for these purposes. Although many cationic polymersindeed condense DNAspontaneously, which is a requirement for gene transfer in most types of cells,the physicochemical andbiopharmaceutical behavior of the current generation of polyplexes severelylimits an efficient genetransfer in vitro and especially in vivo. This papersummarizes recent physicochemical and biologicalinformation on polyplexes and aims to provide new insights with respect to thistype of gene deliverysystem. Firstly, the chemical structure of frequently studied cationic polymersis represented. Secondly,the parameters influencing condensation of DNA by cationic polymers aredescribed. Thirdly, the surfaceproperties, solubility, aggregration behavior, degradation and dissociation ofpolyplexes are considered.The review ends by describing the in vitro and in vivo genetransfection behavior of polyplexes.     

Early sympathetic hyperactivity in Huntington''s disease

To investigate whether Huntington's disease (HD) affects autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning 33 subjects with positive genetic test results were studied. The subjects were classified according to Shoulson and Fahn (S&F) HD disability scale into three subgroups: subgroup 1 (eight asymptomatic gene carriers), subgroup 2 (13 mildly disabled HD patients) and subgroup 3 (eight moderately and four severely disabled HD patients). A battery of cardiovascular autonomic tests (Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing test, sustained handgrip test, orthostatic test) and the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) were performed. The results were compared with a group of matched controls. In subgroup 1, there was a higher power of low-frequency band (LFB) (P < 0.05). In subgroup 2 a higher power of LFB was detected, LFB/high-frequency band (HFB) coefficient was increased and the blood pressure response to sustained handgrip was elevated (P < 0.05). Subgroup 3 showed significantly lower blood pressure response to sustained handgrip, lower respiratory (P < 0.05) and orthostatic ratio (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that sympathetic hyperfunction is present in asymptomatic gene carriers and mildly disabled HD patients. Contrary to that, ANS hypofunction was found in advanced HD patients.     

顺铂壳聚糖微球制备工艺的研究

选择壳聚糖为材料，用乳化化学交联技术制备顺铂壳聚糖微球，研究了影响微球制备的因素，在此基础上选择壳聚糖浓度（因素Ａ）、水／油相体积比（因素Ｂ）、搅拌速度（因素Ｃ）、药物与鞯体材料用量比（因素Ｄ）、油相类型（因素Ｅ）、壳聚糖种类（因素Ｆ）及固化时间（因素Ｇ）七个因素，每个因素选择三水平，用正交实验设计安排实验，并以微球 载药量，药物包封率，粒子分布百分数为指标优化微球的制备工艺。     

Cystinuria genotypes predicted from excretion patterns

Genotypes of 17 patients with cystinuria were predicted from data based on excretion rates of the families' obligate carriers. The methodology differed from that used by other investigators as it did not employ intestinal biopsy studies or loading dose measurements. The Type I form was more common than either Type II or Type III and frequently occurred in combination to give compound heterozygous genotypes with the Type III form.     

Long Term Follow-up of HNPCC Gene Mutation Carriers: Compliance with Screening and Satisfaction with Counseling and Screening Procedures

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a hereditary predisposition to colorectal and endometrial cancer, caused by mutations of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6. Regular colonoscopy reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer in mutation carriers dramatically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of colonoscopy by proven HNPCC mutation carriers. We also evaluated the satisfaction with the counseling and screening procedures at the long term. A questionnaire survey was performed among 94 proven MMR gene mutation carriers. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. The average time of follow-up was 3,5 years (range 0.5–8.5 years). The response rate was 74%. The proportion of unaffected mutation carriers under colonoscopic screening increased from 31 to 88% upon genetic testing, and for gynecological screening from 17 to 69%. However, more than half of the responders experienced colonoscopy as unpleasant or painful. About 97% felt well informed during counseling, and 88% felt sufficiently supported. Ten percent of the responders reported a high cancer worry that was significantly (P = 0.007) associated with a high perceived cancer risk. Six responders (9%) regretted being tested. Remarkably, of 4 of these 6 a close relative died recently of cancer. Problems with obtaining a disability or life insurance or mortgage were experienced by 4 out 10 healthy carriers opting for these services. In conclusion, genetic testing for HNPCC considerably improves compliance for screening, which will result in a reduction of HNPCC-related cancer morbidity and mortality in mutation carriers. Most HNPCC gene mutation carriers cope well with their cancer susceptibility on the long term.     

Essential properties of drug-targeting delivery systems

How, if at all, can drug delivery help to create ideal drugs? After four decades of trying, an effective site-specific drug-delivery system has not yet been developed. This review draws attention to the pharmacokinetic conditions that must be met to achieve a successful performance by site-selective drug-carrier delivery systems. In a drug-carrier approach, a drug is attached to a macromolecular carrier via a chemically labile linker. The carrier transports the drug to its site of action and releases it at the target site. For this simple approach to work, several fundamental conditions (nonspecific interactions, target site access, drug release and drug suitability) must be satisfied. The importance of these essential requirements, not always recognized in the development of drug-delivery systems, is discussed and illustrated by recent examples selected from the literature.     

Obstetrical care in future pregnancies after fetal loss in group B streptococcal septicemia. A prevention program based on bacteriological and immunological follow-up

Among 22 mothers of infants infected with group B streptococci (GBS), 19 showed markedly low levels of antibodies against the infecting type. Three of the patients with low antibody levels went through a new pregnancy within 1 yr after they had lost an infant (2 patients) or experienced fetal death due to GBS (1 patient). They were still urogenital carriers of the type of GBS causing the previous infection, and their serum levels of type-specific antibodies remained low. All three went through a successful pregnancy following a prevention program comprising antibiotic treatment from the 28th wk of pregnancy.     

Flow injection analysis of ascorbic acid using carriers modified with metal-porphine as oxidative solid catalyses

To investigate one of practical applications of the supports modified with metal–porphines as artificial solid-catalysts, columns into which the supports were packed were supplied to catalytic columns for a flow injection analysis (FIA) system for determination of ascorbic acid (AsA) by the following reactions:

AsA+O₂→dehydoroAsA+H₂O₂, H₂O₂+chromogen→2H₂O+Dye.

Among the columns tested, the column containing silica gels modified with Co–tetrakis(carboxyphenyl)porphine catalyzed most rapidly the oxidation reaction of AsA that is accompanied by the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The resulting hydrogen peroxide was determined by FIA system equipped with the column containing glass beads modified with Mn–tetrakis(carboxyphenyl)porphine, which gave a linear calibration curve and large peak-areas of the range corresponding to AsA concentration between 0.2 and 10 μmol/ml. The results indicated that some supports modified with metal–porphine would be applicable to the FIA for AsA as the solid catalyses which function as if the immobilized enzymes.