Principle of relative positioning of structures in the human body

The arrangement of various biological structures should generally ensure the safety of crucial structures and increase their working efficiency; however, other principles governing the relative positions of structures in humans have not been reported. The present study therefore investigated other principles using nerves and their companion vessels in the human body as an example. Nerves and blood vessels usually travel together and in the most direct way towards their targets. Human embryology, histology, and gross anatomy suggest that there are many possible positions for these structures during development. However, for mechanical reasons, tougher or stronger structures should take priority. Nerves are tougher than most other structures, followed by arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. Nerves should therefore follow the most direct route, and be followed by the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. This general principle should be applicable to all living things.     

Substance abuse risk reduction: Verbal mediational training for children by parental and nonparental models

Little is known regarding the etiology and maintenance of substance abuse, especially factors which place children at higher risk for later drug use. The present study evaluated the impact of a 12‐week verbal mediational program (Think Aloud), which teaches children and parents cognitive and social problem‐solving skills and addresses early childhood risk factors related to the onset of drug use in adolescence. Fifty children and parents were included in the present study and were randomly divided into four groups: two groups received either a verbal mediation condition comprising the Think Aloud training or time to complete homework assignments. Each of the topic groups was subdivided into two groups, one in which the parents served as models and one in which the experimenter served as the model. Measures of family cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict, family organization and control, social skills, level of disruptiveness of the child's peer choice, academic competence, and the child's problem behaviors were administered to the parents and the teachers pre‐ and postinterventivefy. Children in the verbal mediation condition with parental models were expected to show the greatest reduction in risk factor scores, and children in the verbal mediation condition with the experimenter model were predicted to show the second greatest reduction in risk factor scores at posttest. Results of the study demonstrated partial support for experimental hypotheses in that the children involved in the Think Aloud program showed improvement on four of the six factors on posttest measures. The superiority of the parental model was not found.     

Children and Digital Wellbeing in Australia: Online regulation,conduct and competence

This article contributes to the study of children and the internet by reporting on findings from an ethnographic study of children's online use, experience and regulation in Melbourne, Australia. As part of a social inclusion study of technology use, we worked with children and their families in the contexts of everyday and home internet use. This article begins by identifying age-related gaps in the literature on children's online risks, and then moves on to a discussion of the research findings relating to children's online mediation, conduct and competence. By developing a concept of digital wellbeing the article argues that rather than focus only on risk protection measures, it is important to equip children with the knowledge and skills to be active, ethical and critical participants online.     

Relationships between HIV testing,knowledge, and stigma among men: Reports from Belarus,Moldova, and Ukraine

A surge in heterosexual transmission of HIV among men in post-Soviet countries prompts the need to understand the determinants of HIV testing in the region. Survey data from Belarus (n?=?2,769), Moldova (n?=?1,545), and Ukraine (n?=?3,620) were used to assess an influence of psychosocial determinants on testing among men. A mediation analysis for binary outcomes was used to assess effects of knowledge and stigma on testing. While knowledge had a positive influence on testing in each country, an indirect influence of knowledge through stigma was unique for each country. Implications for interventions and social work are discussed in the light of findings.     

Extending the Lessons of Educational Television with Young American Children

As the availability of children's educational television has increased, initiatives to expand the educational impact of programs have emerged. One such initiative is experiential mediation, a form of mediation in which the viewer physically engages with materials designed to extend the program's educational content. Limited research on the effectiveness of experiential mediation exists. A quasi-experiment was conducted with 138 American children (M = 5.32 years) to evaluate the effectiveness of such mediation with the literacy-based television program Between the Lions. Viewing plus mediation was hypothesized to provide greater support for literacy skills than no viewing or unaided viewing. Further, mediation that incorporated character-branded materials was hypothesized to be superior to mediation that relied upon generic materials. Results suggest that the benefits of experiential mediation may be tied to (1) the connection between the mediation materials and television content and (2) the complexity of the educational content.     

Testing for Equivalence: An Intersection-Union Permutation Solution

The notion of testing for equivalence of two treatments is widely used in clinical trials, pharmaceutical experiments, bioequivalence, and quality control. It is essentially approached within the intersection-union (IU) principle. According to this principle, the null hypothesis is stated as the set of effects lying outside a suitably established interval and the alternative as the set of effects lying inside that interval. The solutions provided in the literature are mostly based on likelihood techniques, which in turn are rather difficult to handle, except for cases lying within the regular exponential family and the invariance principle. The main goal of the present article is to go beyond most of the limitations of likelihood-based methods, that is, to work in a nonparametric setting within the permutation frame. To obtain practical solutions, a new IU permutation test is presented and discussed. A simple simulation study for evaluating its main properties, and three application examples are also presented.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治原则与保肛手术的临床研究进展

随着社会的发展与进步,公众接触理化不良因素的机会也在增加,随之产生的是消化道恶性肿瘤发病率的提高。临床上最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤包括大肠癌,其中低位直肠癌发病率在50%以上。低位直肠癌的判断依据是与肛缘有8 cm的距离;与肛缘相距5 cm的为超低位直肠癌。直肠癌研究与治疗的最终目的是提高患者生存率和部分控制恶性肿瘤。在现代医学技术不断发展的今天,人们对直肠癌也有了更加深刻的了解,主要包括生理和解剖方面以及病理学和生理学方面。由此,更加科学的治疗方式也随之产生。新兴的治疗方式主要有腹腔镜与保肛手术治疗术。